Religion, Humanism, The Arts And Learning

Question 1

What religion was England’s population in Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 1

Roman Catholic

Question 2

How many parish churches were there in England?

Answer 2

Around 8,000

Question 3

How many monasteries were there in England?

Answer 3

Around 800

Question 4

How did religion offer charity?

Answer 4

Through guilds and confraternities, voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Christian charity.

Question 5

Word to describe the relationship between church and state?

Answer 5

Erastian - the view that the state should have authority over the church

Question 6

Evidence that Henry VII respected papal authority?

Answer 6

Sought papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York

Question 7

How many dioceses in England?

Answer 7

17 (e.g. Winchester, Durham)

Question 8

Examples of churchmen exercising political power?

Answer 8

John Morton, Richard Fox

Question 9

Evidence of the church’s integration within politics?

Answer 9

Abbots and bishops sat in the House of Lords, the title of Lord Chancellor was monopolised by clergymen.

Question 10

Seven sacraments

Answer 10

Baptism, confirmation, marriage, anointing of the sick, penance, holy orders and the Eucharist

Question 11

Transubstantiation

Answer 11

Belief that the bread and wine completely change into the blood and body of Christ during Mass

Question 12

Example of Henry’s investment into religious buildings?

Answer 12

Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey - cost £14,000 to build

Question 13

How many monks and nuns?

Answer 13

12,000

Question 14

Function of parish churches

Answer 14

To spread and uphold Christian teaching, offer ways to acquire grace, reduce the time a soul spent in purgatory

Question 15

Why did people leave money to the church in their wills?

Answer 15

To enhance worship, to ensure remembrance of the benefactor, to reduce amount of time the benefactor spent in purgatory

Question 16

What were chantries?

Answer 16

Places where the soul of a patron was prayed for

Question 17

Examples of work done by confraternities

Answer 17

Helping with funeral costs for members, paying chaplains for masses for their members, to make charitable donations

Question 18

Example of pilgrimage destination

Answer 18

Shrine of St Thomas Becket

Question 19

Most popular monastic order

Answer 19

Benedictines (others include Cistercians and Carthusians)

Question 20

Orders of friars

Answer 20

Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians

Question 21

Who founded lollardy?

Answer 21

John Wycliffe

Question 22

When did lollardy emerge in England?

Answer 22

14th century

Question 23

What was lollardy?

Answer 23

Alternative interpretation of Christianity which stressed the understanding of the bible and criticised practices of the church.

Question 24

Punishment for heresy

Answer 24

Burning - introduced into English law in 1401

Question 25

What was humanism?

Answer 25

Intellectual movement focused on rediscovery of original Latin and Greek texts

Question 26

What was Christian humanism?

Answer 26

Humanist ideals applied to biblical texts

Question 27

Contributors to humanism

Answer 27

Thomas More

Linacre and Grocyn

Erasmus

John Colet

Question 28

Developments to education in Henry VII’s reign

Answer 28

53 new grammar schools founded between 1460-1509

The study of Latin became central to grammar school education

Lady Margaret Beaufort was a generous patron of Cambridge University and was responsible for the foundation of St John’s College and Christ’s College

(University education limited to Oxford and Cambridge)

Question 29

Developments in art and architecture

Answer 29

Many new churches built in the gothic perpendicular style (e.g 1502 - Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey)

Question 30

Developments in literature

Answer 30

New industry of printing began to grow (focused mainly on traditional medieval works like Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales or chivalric romances and adaptations of the saint’s lives)

Tastes began to change by 1509, when humanist influences reached England, particularly from Italy

Question 31

Developments in drama

Answer 31

Traditional - e.g plays performed at feasts of Corpus Christi by the guilds of towns and cities like those in York, Lincoln, Wakefield and Coventry

Question 32

Developments in music

Answer 32

Music underwent changes of the renaissance, with single line changes giving way to polyphonic choral music where different parts of the choir sang independent melodic lines

Can be seen by Eton choirbook, which contains 93 compositions from around 1503

Rise in secular music for entertainment

Question 33

How many confraternities in London in the 15th century?

Answer 33

176

Question 34

What was the core ethos of humanism?

Answer 34

It is possible to improve human knowledge and behaviour through education

Question 35

How many ordained clergy were there?

Answer 35

35,000

Question 36

How many people tried for heresy during Henry’s reign?

Answer 36

73 put on trial, 3 burned alive

Question 37

What was the impact of humanism on the Catholic Church?

Answer 37

Humanists did not criticise Catholic principles, but rather abusive Catholic practices such as indulgences

Question 38

How did Henry respond to criticism of the Church?

Answer 38

Both Lollardy and anticlericalism were driven underground during Henry’s reign, which won Henry the support of the Church