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8221 - M3 > U1.6 > Flashcards

U1.6 Flashcards

1
Q

__________________ is determined by the type of infectious disease process acquired. Diseases are often classified in terms of how they behave within a host and within a given population.

A

Transmission to the host

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2
Q

Transmission to the host: What type?

  • any disease that spreads from one host to another, either directly or indirectly
A

Communicable infectious disease

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3
Q

Transmission to the host: What type?

  • a disease that is readily or highly transmissible especially through direct contact
A

Contagious infectious disease

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4
Q

Transmission to the host: What type?

  • one which does not arise through transmission from host to host. This includes diseases acquired by contact with water or soil.
A

Non-communicable infectious disease

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5
Q

The causative agents of disease can be transmitted from the source or reservoir of infection to a susceptible host. There are four principal routes or modes of transmission: what are they?

A
  • contact
  • airborne
  • vehicles
  • vectors
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6
Q

What mode of transmission: Contact, airborne, vehicles or vectors?

This implies the coming together or touching of the source and the host.

A

Contact transmission

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7
Q

Contact transmission: What are the 3 mechanisms under it?

A
  • Direct contact transmission (Horizontal transmission & Vertical transmission)
  • Indirect contact transmission
  • Droplet transmission
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8
Q

Contact transmission: What mechanism? Direct, Indirect or Droplet?

  • the transmission of pathogens by contact of the portal of exit with the portal of entry, no intermediate object is involved
A

Direct contact transmission

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9
Q

Contact transmission: What mechanism? Direct, Indirect or Droplet?

  • the transfer of pathogens from an
    infected host, to an intermediary object or substance, to another
    host.
A

Indirect contact transmission

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10
Q

Contact transmission: What mechanism? Direct, Indirect or Droplet?

  • implies the transfer of
    disease agents through droplets of saliva or mucus discharged into the air by coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking. The route is through the air but because these particles are large (i.e., greater than 5 µ), they travel a short distance (less than 1 meter), and quickly settle out of air.
A

Droplet transmission

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11
Q

Direct Contact transmission: what specification? horizontal or vertical?

  • also known as person-to-person
    transmission. Disease transmission occurs by touching, kissing,
    and sexual intercourse.
A

Horizontal transmission

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12
Q

Direct Contact transmission: what specification? horizontal or vertical?

  • involves transmission of pathogens from the mother to an infant.
  • Disease transmission may occur in two ways: Prenatal and Perinatal
A

Vertical transmission

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13
Q

Vertical Direct Contact transmission: what specification? Prenatal or Perinatal?

  • implies transmission of the pathogen across the placenta.
A

Prenatal

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14
Q

Vertical Direct Contact transmission: what specification? Prenatal or Perinatal?

  • occurs during passage through the first canal or during close contact between mother and infant in the first few days of life.
A

Perinatal

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15
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission:
- an inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen

A

fomite

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16
Q

What mode of transmission: Contact, airborne, vehicles or vectors?

This occurs when a pathogen is suspended in air contained in dust or within droplet nuclei.

A

Air-borne transmission

17
Q

What mode of transmission: Contact, airborne, vehicles or vectors?

It is the transmission of disease-causing agents by a common inanimate reservoir such as food, water, or blood.

A

Common vehicle transmission

18
Q

Air-borne transmission:
- are small particles (1 µ to 4 µ in diameter) that represent what is left from the evaporation of larger droplet particles. They remain suspended in air and travel 1 meter or more from the source.

A

Droplet nuclei

19
Q

What mode of transmission: Contact, airborne, vehicles or vectors?

It indicates the transmission of pathogens through the aid of a vector.

A

Vector-borne transmission

20
Q

Vector-borne transmission:

It is an invertebrate (e.g., arthropod, or mollusk) that transmit an infectious agent from one host to another

A

vector

21
Q

Vector-borne transmission: How? What type?

  • during which the pathogen does not undergo morphological or physical changes within the vector (i.e., mechanical vector). That is, the vector is not important in the life cycle of the pathogen.
A

Harborage or mechanical transmission

22
Q

Vector-borne transmission: How? What type?

  • the pathogen goes through morphological or physical changes within the vector (i.e., biologic vector). The vector assists in the completion of the pathogen’s life cycle
A

Biological transmission

23
Q

To initiate infection, a microbe enters the tissues through a characteristic route - _____________?

A

the portal of entry

24
Q

This is usually a cutaneous or membranous boundary through which the microorganism enter the tissue.

A

portal of entry

25
Q

Portal of entry: The microorganism may enter through what routes:

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Skin and mucus membranes -
  • Genito-urinary tract
  • Blood
  • Placenta
26
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in food, drinks and other ingested materials. Agents of diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, botulism enter by way of mouth.
A

Gastrointestinal tract

27
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • the greatest number of pathogens enter by way of the nose and mouth. Infectious diseases with this total of entry include common colds, tuberculosis, pneumonia, measles.
A

Respiratory tract

28
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • nicks, abrasions and punctures on this serve as portal of entry of many pathogens including those that cause boils, and impetigo.
A

Skin and mucus membranes

29
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • is the portal of entry of pathogens that are contracted by sexual means (intercourse, intimate direct contact). Diseases such as gonorrhea, AIDS and syphilis, has been collectively known by a more descriptive term, sexually-transmitted infection (STI).
A

Genito-urinary tract

30
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • agents of so-called blood borne diseases such as hepatitis, AIDS, syphilis, and malaria enter the body through blood transfusion, contaminated needles and syringes, and through blood-sucking insects.
A

Blood

31
Q

Portal of Entry: Which route? (Gastrointestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Skin and mucus membranes, Genito-urinary tract, Blood, or Placenta)

  • permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases form the mother’s circulation to the growing fetus in her womb. Several diseases from the mother such as syphilis, AIDS, listeriosis, and toxoplasmosis can also be passed to the fetus by way of the placenta.
A

Placenta

32
Q

Susceptible Host or the Infectious Agent

  • the effectivity of the host’s defense mechanisms
A

Susceptible Host

33
Q

Susceptible Host or the Infectious Agent

  • the microbe’s pathogenicity and virulence
A

Infectious Agent

34
Q

Microbial colonization and
dissemination is determined by two factors: what are they?

A

Susceptible Host and the Infectious Agent

35
Q

It is usually but not always the same as the portal of entry. It is of importance since it determines how
pathogens spread in a population.

A

portal of exit

8221 - M3 (11 decks)

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