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Plant Taxonomy > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plant?

A

it has flagella, starch, and chlorophyll

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classification and nomenclature

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3
Q

What is systematics?

A

taxonomy and phylogeny

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4
Q

What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?

A

systematics is more concerned with evolutionary history and diversification of species (through the lens of phylogeny) and taxonomy is more concerned with nomenclature and arranging species based on characteristics

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5
Q

What are the goals of plant taxonomy?

A
  • Description
  • Identification
  • Nomenclature
  • Classification
  • Phylogeny
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6
Q

Utilitarian classification

A

based on how the plants are used, can change over time

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7
Q

Cladistics/Phylogenetics

A

species form lineages of related organisms, assume similarities in closely related groups are due to common ancestry

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

a basic grouping of organisms

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9
Q

How are species formed?

A

speciation- isolation of populations, divergence in traits, reproductive isolation

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10
Q

What are the forces of evolution?

A

mutation, gene flow/migration, genetic drift, natural selection

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11
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

giving names to taxa

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12
Q

What are the scientific naming conventions in botany?

A

binomical nomenclature: genus + specific epithet

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13
Q

How can we use herbaria?

A

document variation, ecological info, genetic info, chemical composition,

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14
Q

What are the characters shared between all green plants?

A

chlorophyll, flagella, starch

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15
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants?

A

green algae

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16
Q

stomata are shared by _________

A

mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants

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17
Q

What are the challenges of land for plants?

A

resource availability, reproduction challenges, water availability, unstable climates/ environmental stress, light availability and intensity, competition, herbivory

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18
Q

What are the characteristic traits of non-vascular plants?

A
  • multicellular sporophyte
  • embryo
  • gametangia
  • sporangium
  • cuticle
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19
Q

What are the characteristic traits of vascular plants?

A
  • vascular tissue
  • xylem with tracheids
  • lignin
  • elaborated and dominant sporophyte stage
  • reduced gametophyte stage
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20
Q

How is bark produced?

A

the vascular cambium

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21
Q

How is wood produced?

A

from the secondary xylem, wood is everything from the vascular cambium in

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22
Q

When did heterospory evolve?

A

Once in the lycophytes, then again in spermatophytes

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23
Q

When did seeds evolve?

A

370 MYA

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24
Q

What are the characteristic traits of gymnosperms?

A
  • wood and cambium
  • periderm (outer layer of bark) production via cork cambium
  • axillary branching
  • heterospory
  • seeds
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25
Q

What are the components of a seed?

A

seed coat (integument), nutritive tissue, embryo

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26
Q

Which order had both conifer and angiosperm characters? What are they?

A
  • Gnetales
  • confier character: seeds not enclosed in an ovary
  • angiosperm characters: wood vessels, double fertilization, flower-like structures
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27
Q

What are the characteristic traits of angiosperms?

A
  • diverse, monopyletic lineage
  • whole genome duplication (polyploidy)
  • flowers
  • reduced male and female gametophytes
  • double fert
  • xylem and phloem
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28
Q

What is a flower?

A

reproductive structure

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29
Q

Natural Classification

A

related plants are grouped together by some trait, based on individual experience, each character has the same weight

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30
Q

Characters/traits used in phylogenetics

A

morphological, anatomical, chemical, molecular, life history traits

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31
Q

homologous structure

A

common origin, different function (ex: leaves)

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32
Q

analagous structure

A

similar function, different origin (ex: sweet potatoes and potatoes)

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33
Q

molecular systematics

A

the use of DNA or RNA to study the phylogenetic relationships among organisms

34
Q

what are the 3 genomes in a plant cell?

A

chloroplast, mitochondrion, nucleus

35
Q

What are the methods of making trees?

A

algorithmic method and optimality criterion

36
Q

biological species concept

A

members of a populations can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

37
Q

taxonomic/phenetic species concept

A

overall phenotypic similarities and these organisms look different from others

38
Q

ecological species concept

A

members of a population occupy the same niche or habitat

39
Q

what is evolution?

A

descent with modification, change in allele frequency

40
Q

what are the advantages of alternation of generations?

A

increased spore production allows more spores than a single zygote, being diploid prevents expression of deleterious genes and increases diversity

41
Q

What is oogamy and when did it arise?

A

retention of egg cells, starts in the bryophytes

42
Q

antheridium

A

male gametangium containing sperm cells

43
Q

archegonium

A

female gametangium containing the egg

44
Q

What is the defining feature of liverworts?

A

gemma cups for asexual reproduction

45
Q

Xylem

A
  • transports water and minerals
  • lignified cell walls for sturcture
  • dead at maturity
46
Q

Phloem

A
  • transports sugars from leaves
  • cells are alive, but with companion cells that store the nucleus
47
Q

Purpose of lignified secondary cell walls

A

increase rigidity, waterproof, don’t rot easily

48
Q

Bryophytes don’t have roots, they have __________

A

rhizoids

49
Q

What ploidy are sporophytes?

A

2n

50
Q

Lycophytes

A
  • “fern allies”
  • dichotomously branching root systems
  • microphylls
  • heterospory
51
Q

Pseudomonopodial growth

A

main axis and side branches, sporangia on the end of lateral branches

52
Q

Euphylls

A

megaphylls formed from flattened branches, has a leaf gap of interrupted vascular tissue

53
Q

What traits are special about the Psilotaceae family?

A

no roots, 2 or 3 lobed sporangia

54
Q

What are sporophores and what family are they found in?

A

distinct part of the leaf that produce sporangia (squidward hands), Ophioglossaceae

55
Q

What traits are special about the Equistaceae family?

A

whorled leaves, hollowed stem

56
Q

rhizome

A

horizontal stem that runs underground

57
Q

Characteristics of leptosporangiate ferns

A
  • rhizome
  • leaves called fronds
  • sori with indusia
58
Q

What does a leptosporangium do?

A

flings out mature spores

59
Q

Sori

A

clusters of leptosporangium

60
Q

indusium

A

covering for sori

61
Q

Eustele

A

vascular bundle arrangement in the stems

62
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

cells with lignified secondary cells walls, provide support, dead at maturity, fond in xylem, wood, bark, and seed coat

63
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces secondary xylem inside (more) and secondary phloem on the outside

64
Q

cork cambium

A

special cells that differentiate into cork

65
Q

cork

A

water resistant, think layer of cells protect the delicate vascular cambium and secondary phloem

66
Q

axillary branching

A

new shoots can emerge from the axillary buds

67
Q

components of a seed

A

seed coat, nutritive tissue, embryo

68
Q

what is the nutritive tissue in a seed made of?

A

the tissue of the female gametophyte

69
Q

micropyle

A

an opening in the megasporangium that secretes accepts pollen, and secretes a pollination droplet in some cases

70
Q

Corraloid roots with N fixing bacteria can be found in _____________.

A

cycadophytes

71
Q

What are cones?

A

a way of housing spores, modified leaves

72
Q

what are the 5 derived traits of seed plants?

A

seeds, reduced gametophyte, ovule, heterospory, pollen

73
Q

stamen

A

modified leaf with microsporangia

74
Q

carpel

A

modified conduplicate leaf with ovules

75
Q

androecium

A
  • stamen with filament and anther
  • microsporangia
76
Q

gynoecium

A
  • carpel with ovary that encloses ovule
  • elongated style
  • stigma recieves pollen
77
Q

ovule

A

organ that forms seeds, megagametophyte

78
Q

Angiosperm vessels

A
  • xylem with perforation plates that stack, more efficient than tracheids
  • more complex phloem with sieve plates
79
Q

Complete flower

A

androecium + gynoecium + perianth

80
Q

incomplete flower

A

missing one or more element of a complete flower

81
Q

bisexual/ perfect flower

A

has the androecium and gynoecium

82
Q

unisexual/ imperfect flower

A

only one reproductive structure (androecium or gynoecium)

Plant Taxonomy (3 decks)

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