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School > Unit 2, Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2, Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sleep

A

a periodic natural loss of consciousness

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the body’s 24-hour internal clock, that is when a person naturally falls asleep and feels awake.

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3
Q

stages of sleep

A

Nrem1, Nrem2, Nrem3, back to rem and repeat the process spending more time in REM and less time in Nrem3 as you approach morning

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4
Q

alpha waves (waking)

A

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state before you fall asleep

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5
Q

beta waves (waking)

A

state of alertness and mental activity

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6
Q

NREM-1

A

the first sleep stage you enter when falling asleep

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7
Q

NREM-2

A

the second stage after falling asleep

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8
Q

NREM-3 (delta waves)

A

deep slow brain waves, environmental noise may not wake a person

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9
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

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10
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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11
Q

hypnagogic sensations

A

bizarre experiences such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly while transitioning to sleep

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12
Q

Delta waves

A

the large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep of NREM-3

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13
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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14
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone that your brain produces in response to darkness, causes you to be sleepy

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15
Q

functions of sleep - protection

A

protection from darkness and predators during the night

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16
Q

functions of sleep - recuperation

A

the body having time to physically repair while its not consciously active

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17
Q

functions of sleep - restoration & rebuilding

A

clears the mind of toxins, and increases the space between brain cells to flush out toxins that build up during waking hours.

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18
Q

functions of sleep - creativity

A

facilitate insightful behavior and flexible reasoning, you wake up with a refreshed mind

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19
Q

functions of sleep - supporting growth

A

the pituitary glad releases growth hormones during sleep

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20
Q

insomnia

A

reoccurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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21
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder causing uncontrollable sleep attacks

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22
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder where you stop breathing during sleep

23
Q

night terrors

A

nightmare in NREM-3 that you don’t wake up from and often don’t remember

24
Q

dream

A

by-product of brain activity during sleep and are unrelated to any deep psychological Meaning

25
Q

Freudian theory of dreams

A

everything is related to deeper sexual drives

26
Q

manifest content

A

the actual content of the dream

27
Q

latent content

A

the underlying meaning of the dream

28
Q

information processing theory of dreams

A

suggests that we organize our memories as we sleep

29
Q

physiological function theory of dreams

A

dreams are a product of neural firing in the brain

30
Q

activation-synthesis theory of dreams

A

dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex’s attempt to make sense of the neural activity occurring in other parts of the brain during sleep

31
Q

cognitive development theory of dreams

A

dreams help us organize and interpret our everyday life experiences

32
Q

REM rebound

A

compensatory increase of the frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors

33
Q

psychoactive drug

A

substances that, when taken in or administered into one’s system, affect mental processes

34
Q

substance use disorder

A

a treatable mental disorder that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances

35
Q

withdrawal

A

Physical and mental symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing intake of a drug.

35
Q

tolerance

A

the body getting used to a substance over time. When someone develops a tolerance, they need to take a higher dose to experience the same effects.

36
Q

depressants

A

Depressant substances reduce arousal and stimulation

37
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol.

38
Q

barbiturates

A

Depressant drugs are used to help sleep, relieve anxiety, and muscle spasms, and prevent seizures.

39
Q

stimulants

A

a class of drugs that speed up messages traveling between the brain and body

39
Q

opiates

A

substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief,

40
Q

nicotine

A

a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant

41
Q

cocaine

A

Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system stimulant. As an extract, it is mainly used recreationally, and often illegally for its euphoric and rewarding effects

42
Q

amphetamines

A

stimulant drugs that speed up messages between the brain and body

43
Q

methamphetamine

A

a stimulant that produces euphoria, alertness, and energy

44
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

a stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces emotional elevation

45
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes

46
Q

near-death experience

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death

47
Q

LSD

A

hallucinogen that creates a visual trip

48
Q

THC

A

mild hallucinogen that produces enhanced sensation relief of pain, distortion of time, and relaxation

49
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of internal and external existence

50
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche

51
Q

William James

A

helped to found psychology as a formal discipline

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