U8 Retake

Question 1

epigenetic effect

Answer 1

leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off

Question 2

stability vs change

Answer 2

do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different personas as we age?

Question 3

rooting reflex

Answer 3

when touched on the cheek, a baby will open mouth, turn toward the touch and try to eat

Question 4

maturation

Answer 4

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 5

motor development

Answer 5

• 6 mo. sitting unsupported
• 8-9 mo. crawling
• 12 mo. starting to walk
• 15 mo. walking independently

Question 6

sensorimotor stage

Answer 6

• piaget, birth - 2yrs
• experience the world through senses and actions
• object permanence and stranger anxiety

Question 7

preoperational stage

Answer 7

• piaget, 2 - 6/7yrs
• representing things w/ words and images, also using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
• pretend play, egocentrism, and theory of mind

Question 8

concrete operational stage

Answer 8

• piaget, 6/7 - 11yrs
• thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
• conservation and mathematical transformations

Question 9

formal operational

Answer 9

• piaget, 11/12 - adulthood
• abstract reasoning
• abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning

Question 10

zone of proximal development

Answer 10

zone between what a kid can and can’t do on their own

• zone of what a kid can do with help

part of vygotsky’s theory and scaffolding

Question 11

primary sexual characteristics

Answer 11

reproductive system, genitals

Question 12

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 12

non-reproductive parts like breast, body hair, etc.

Question 13

preconventional reasoning

Answer 13

• kohlberg

1. avoids punishment; obedience
2. gains rewards; self interest

Question 14

conventional reasoning

Answer 14

3. gains approval, avoids disapproval; conformity
4. does duty to society, avoids dishonor/guilt; law and order

Question 15

postconventional

Answer 15

5. human rights
6. universal human ethics

Question 16

trust vs. mistrust

Answer 16

• erikson
• infancy to 1 yr
• form trusting relationships w/ parents and mistrust w/ others

Question 17

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Answer 17

• erikson
• toddlerhood (1-3yrs)
• learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Question 18

initiative vs. guilt

Answer 18

• erikson
• preschool (3-6 yrs)
• learn to initiate and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to feel independent

Question 19

competence vs. inferiority

Answer 19

• erikson
• elementary school (6-puberty)
• learn the pleasures of applying themselves to tasks, or feel inferior

Question 20

identity vs. role confusion

Answer 20

• erikson
• adolescence (teen-into 20s)
• must find self identity while deciphering roles in occupation, politics, and religion

Question 21

intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 21

• erikson
• young adulthood (20s-early 40s)
• must develop marriage seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation

Question 22

generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 22

• erikson
• middle adulthood (40s-60s)
• people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose

Question 23

integrity vs. despair

Answer 23

• erikson
• late adulthood (late 60s and up)
• reflecting on their life: they may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Question 24

erotic plasticity

Answer 24

sexual availability, levels to which sex drive can be influenced (nature v nurture)

Question 25

mary ainsworth

Answer 25

• strange situation experiment
• explored attachment between kids and mothers

Question 26

diana baumrind

Answer 26

• parenting style

Question 27

erik erikson

Answer 27

each stage of life has it’s own psychosocial task/crisis that needs to be resolved

Question 28

harry harlow

Answer 28

experimented with monkeys using different “mothers”

also found different types of attachment and isolation effects

Question 29

carol gilligan

Answer 29

criticized kohlberg because his theories were aimed more at men than everyone (left out women)

Question 30

lawrence kohlberg

Answer 30

development of different moral stages

Question 31

konrad lorenz

Answer 31

imprinting theory

Question 32

jean piaget

Answer 32

cognitive development stages

Question 33

lev vygotsky

Answer 33

social learning, scaffolding, proximal zone of development