Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 102 > 11 - Health and Well-Being > Flashcards

11 - Health and Well-Being Flashcards

1
Q

well-being

A
  • a positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction
  • happy w/both physical and mental health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Health Psychology

A

using what we know about psych to promote health and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A
  • how the 3 things work with or against each other (ex. how social conditions could lead to depression which could lead to behavioural changes which could worsen the social situation…etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Health disparities

A

differences in health outcomes, such as illness or death rates, between groups of people (ex. race, sex, gender, class, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Immigrant paradox

A
  • pattern where foreign-born immigrants to the US have better health than the children of those immigrants who are born in the US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Socioeconomic Status Health Gradient

Socioeconomic Status

A
  • lower socioeconomic status ( therefore less resources) have worse health outcomes
  • socioeconomic status is determined by income, wealth, and education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stress

A

a type of response that typically involves an unpleasant state, such as anxiety or tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stressor

A

Something in the external situation that is perceived as threatening or demanding and therefore produces stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

coping resonse

A

any attempt made to avoid, escape from, or minimize a stressor
- elicited by stress
- attempt to return to our baseline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eustress

A

stress of positive events (ex. getting accepted into AFP at StFX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Distress

A

stress of negative events (ex. being stuck in traffic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 categories of stressors

Major life stressors

A
  • changes or disruptions that strain central areas of peoples’ lives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 categories of stressors

Chronic stress

A
  • set of ongoing challenges (ex. long-term illness, poverty, caregiving)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 categories of stressors

Daily hassles

A
  • small irritations and annoyances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

the physiological preparation of animals to deal with an attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

immune system

A

the body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses
- stress alters the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cortisol

A
  • stress hormone
  • released by adrenal glands
  • increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream
  • mobilize fast energy sources and prepare the body for injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

A

stressful event sets of a chain of reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What brain areas does cortisol circulate through? (3)

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does HPA work? What are the steps?

A

1) hypothalamus sends a message to pituitary gland
2) pituitary gland sends a hormone to adrenal glands
3) adrenal glands secrete cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hans Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GAS

alarm response

A
  • fight-or-flight
  • physiological responses (release of cortisol and epinephrine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GAS

resistance response

A
  • body prepares for longer, sustained defense from a stressor
  • body maximizes it’s defenses
  • increase in immune system function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GAS

exhaustion response

A
  • various physiological and immune systems fail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bruce McEwen

Allostatic Load

A
  • how the “wear and tear” on the bodily systems (stress, digestive, immune, cardiovascular, hormonal) can add up over time
  • how they change as a result
  • ## our bodily systems may become less responsive if they keep “crying wolf”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Taylor et al

tend-and-befriend response

A
  • most research has been done using males
  • females tend to respond to stress by protecting and caring for offspring and forming social alliances instead of fight or flight
  • not necessarily gendered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Q: which hormone is released by the adrenal gland during activation of the HPA axis in response to stress?

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does short-term stress do to the immune system? Chronic stress?

A

short-term boosts, chronic weakens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • immune system is made up of 3 types of white blood cells (B cells, T cells, natural killer cells)
  • each have a specialized role
30
Q

lymphocytes

B cells

What are antibodies?

A

produce antibodies
- protein molecules that attach themselves to foreign agents and mark them for destruction

31
Q

Lymphocytes

T cells

A
  • assist B cells in attacking intruders directly
  • increases strength of immune response
32
Q

Lymphocytes

Natural killer cells

A
  • especially good at killing viruses
  • attack tumours
33
Q

Q: How does stress affect the lymphocytes?

A
  • temporarily diminish their effectiveness
  • decrease in production
  • therefore, body heals slower when stressed
34
Q

Type A behaviour pattern

A

set of personality traits that predict heart disease
- competitive
- achievement oriented
- aggressive
- hostile
- impatient
- unable to relax

35
Q

Cognitive appraisal (coping mechanism)

primary appraisal

A
  • decide whether stimuli are stressful, benign, or irrelevant
36
Q

Cognitive appraisal (coping mechanism)

secondary appraisal

A
  • if a stimuli is determined as being stressful, secondary appraisals evaluate ways to respond and choose coping methods
37
Q

anticipatory coping

A
  • coping that occurs before a stressor happens (ex. thinking of all possible outcomes)
38
Q

Emotion-focused coping

what are the pro’s and con’s?

A
  • people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor
  • distraction, distancing
  • can be functional sometimes but usually only short-term
39
Q

Problem-focused coping

what are the pro’s and con’s?

A
  • people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor
  • likley when they see a stressor as being controllable (and it’s bad if they aren’t - becomes frustrated or upset)
40
Q

What are 3 strategies for using positive thoughts to deal with stress?

A

1) positive reappraisal
- look for the positives
- think of stress as being adaptive
2) downward comparison
- comparing yourself to someone who is doing worse
3) creation of positive events
- giving positive meaning to ordinary events

41
Q

broaden-and-build theory

A
  • positive emotions cause people to expand their view of what is possible and develop (build) new ideas
  • most often seen in resilient individuals
42
Q

What do psychologists from the humanist school of thought focus on?

A

what is positive in the human experience
- what makes people authentically happy
- what makes people thrive

43
Q

What are the 3 components of happiness according to positive psychologists? +2

A

1) positive emotion and pleasure
2) engagement in life
3) a meaningful life
4) good relationships
5) history of accomplishment

44
Q

Q: What is the current scientific consensus on the relationship between happiness and health?

A

positive emotions and good health are related but directionality and causation have not been fully determined

45
Q

buffering hypothesis

A

the idea that other people can provide direct emotional support which helps individuals cope with stress
(ex. expression of care and willingness to listen)

46
Q

what are some reasons as to why religious people report greater feelings of well-being?

A
  • strong sense of community (shared beliefs)
  • better at coping (beliefs as a buffer)
  • many religions support healthy behaviours
  • sense of meaning and purpose
47
Q

How does behaviour cause death?

A
  • people are most likley to die from something that was a result of their behaviours
  • aged 1-24 - 50% are caused by accidents or suicide
48
Q

what are some healthy behaviours that can extend life expectancy?

(5)

A
  • low risk lifestyle
  • maintaining moderate weight
  • exercise
  • abstaining from alcohol
  • eating healthy
49
Q

how can poverty and discrimination impact health?

A
  • higher rates of depression, anxiety, addiction, stress, poor diet, cardiovascular disease
  • higher rates of chronic stress
50
Q

Why do we get hungry?

Glucostatic theory

A
  • hunger determined by monitoring glucose in the blood
51
Q

glucostats and insulin

A

specialized receptors
too low -> signals hypothalamus -> becomes hungry

insulin helps store glucose

52
Q

why/how we eat

unit bias

A
  • we assume a unit of sale is a portion
53
Q

why/how we eat

social facilitation

A

the presence of others makes you do more or less of something

54
Q

why/how we eat

impression management

A

the behaviour you do to make others see you in a certain way

55
Q

why/how we eat

impact of variety/choice

A
  • so many options in a grocery store or restaurant
  • we want to try everything
56
Q

why doesn’t restrictive dieting work?

A
  • our body constantly thinks we are starving
  • turns every little thing into fat
  • maintains setpoint to avoid starving
  • increased efficiency
57
Q

peer pressure

false consensus

A

thinking something like smoking will make you a cool kid

58
Q

coping

Appraisal

A

assessing and evaluating potential threat and demands of an event

59
Q

coping

positive reappraisal

A
  • focus on the positives
  • think of changes you can make to do better next time
60
Q

coping

Downward comparison

A
  • comparing yourself to someone who is worse off
61
Q

coping

creation of positive events

A
  • give positive meaning to ordinary things
62
Q

hardiness

A
  • the ability to be stress resistant
  • grit
  • sees threat as challenge
  • perception of control
63
Q

Resilience

A
  • ability to recover from stress
  • focus on positive outcomes
64
Q

Rita Joe

Post-traumatic growth

A
  • takes a negative situation and turns it into growth
65
Q

coping strategies

Positive Psychology

A
  • study of positive human functioning and flourishing
  • focus on positive emotions
66
Q

coping strategies

how does laughter help us?

A
  • releases good neurotransmitters
  • decreases stress response
  • strengthens immune system
67
Q

how is optimism beneficial

A

lower rates of heart disease

68
Q

how is pessimism harmful

A

increased risk of mortality

69
Q

helping

altruism

A
  • providing help w/o apparent reward
70
Q

helping

prosocial behaviour

A
  • benefits others
71
Q

Realistic Optimism

A
  • hope for the best, prepare for the worst
72
Q

Unrealistic Optimism

A
  • ignores potential threats
  • overly optimistic - blind to reality

PSYCH 102 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions