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N150B - Fundamentals in Nursing > Sensory and Sleep > Flashcards

Sensory and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

24-hour day/day rhythm controlled by the hypothalamus.

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2
Q

Circadian rhythm affects?

A

-body temp, endocrine fxn, BP, eating habits, digestion, sleepy, etc
-work, alarms, sleep, noise can affect circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle

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3
Q

What 6 main structures in the CNS play a role in sleep?

A
  1. Basal forebrain
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Thalamus
  5. Amygdala
  6. Brain stem
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4
Q

What role does the basal forebrain play in sleep?

A

Releases adenosine, which supports sleep drive (caffeine blocks action of adenosine)

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5
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in sleep?

A

receives info from eyes regarding light exposure → helps determine sleep schedule based on day/night
Secretes hypocretins → promote wakefulness and REM sleep

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6
Q

What role does the pineal gland play in sleep?

A

secretes melatonin → helps body regulate sleep cycle that correlates w/day and night cycles
Melatonin production increases w/onset of darkness

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7
Q

What role does the thalamus play in sleep?

A

relays sensory info to cortex for conversion from STM to LTM → occurs during REM sleep

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8
Q

What role does the amygdala play in sleep?

A

actively involved in processing emotions; most active during REM sleep

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9
Q

What role does the brain stem play in sleep?

A

communicates transitions b/w sleep and wake times w/hypothalamus
During sleep → produce chemicals that reduce arousal centers, send signals to relax muscles → helps keep body still and asleep

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10
Q

What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A

-Contains special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness.
Receives visual, auditory, pain, pain, and tactile stimuli.
-Activity from cerebral cortex (emotions or thought processes) stimulates the RAS.
-Arousal, wakefulness, and maintenance of consciousness result from neurons in the RAS releasing catecholamines such as norepinephrine

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11
Q

What are the 2 processes that help regulate the sleep/wake cycle?

A

-Process S regulates the length and depth of sleep.
-Process C influence the internal organization of sleep and the timing and duration of sleep-wake cycles
-Both operate simultaneously to regulate sleep and wakefulness

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12
Q

NREM accounts for ____% of the night.

A

75%

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13
Q

Explain N1 sleep.

A

lightest sleep (~ mins); decreased physiological activity, decreased VS, decreased metabolism, easily aroused by noise.

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14
Q

Explain N2 sleep.

A

sound sleep, easy arousal, slowing brain & muscle activity.

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15
Q

Explain N3 sleep.

A

“Slow-wave sleep” → DEEPEST STAGE OF SLEEP → difficult to arouse, rarely moves; decreased brain and muscle activity, VS lower than waking hours.

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16
Q

REM sleep accounts for ___% of the night.

A

25%

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17
Q

When does REM sleep begin?

A

~ 90 min after sleep starts; duration increases w/each cycle (average 20min)

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18
Q

Why is REM sleep important?

A

Important for early brain development, cognition & memory.

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19
Q

What type of dreaming occurs in REM sleep?

A

Vivid, full-color dreaming.

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20
Q

What are some physiological manifestations that take place during REM sleep? (5)

A
  1. Autonomic response of rapidly moving eyes
  2. Fluctuation HR, RR, BP
  3. Increased gastric secretions
  4. Loss MSK tone
  5. Difficult to arouse sleeper
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21
Q

Explain the functions of sleep.

A

Sleep is regulated by CNS and is a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness
Restores biological processes

22
Q

What is the sleep requirement for neonates?

A

16 hours

23
Q

What is the sleep requirement for infants?

A

15 hours total with naps

24
Q

What is the sleep requirement for toddlers?

A

12 hours total with naps

25
Q

What is the sleep requirement for preschoolers?

A

12 hours per night

26
Q

What is the sleep requirement for school-age?

A

varies; 9-12

27
Q

What is the sleep requirement for adolescents?

A

8-10 hours recommended

28
Q

What is the sleep requirement for YA?

A

6-8.5 hr per night

29
Q

What is the sleep requirement for middle adults?

A

7-9 hours per night

30
Q

What is the sleep requirement for older adults?

A

varies, many have sleeping problems

31
Q

What factors affect sleep? (7)

A
  1. Drugs and substances
  2. Lifestyle
  3. Usual sleep patterns
  4. Emotional stress
  5. Environment
  6. Exercise & fatigue
  7. Food & caloric intake
32
Q

How does alcohol affect sleep?

A
  1. Speeds onset of sleep
  2. Reduces REM sleep
  3. Awakens person during night and causes difficulty returning to sleep
33
Q

How do anticonvulsants affect sleep?

A

decrease REM sleep time → cause daytime drowsiness.

34
Q

How do antidepressants and stimulants affect sleep?

A

suppress REM sleep → decrease total sleep time

35
Q

How do opiates affect sleep?

A

suppress REM sleep → increased daytime drowsiness.

36
Q

How does caffeine affect sleep?

A

prevents person from falling asleep; causes person to awaken during night; INTERFERES W/REM SLEEP.

37
Q

How does insomnia affect sleep?

A

chronic difficulty falling sleep

38
Q

How does sleep apnea affect their sleep?

A

patient is unable to breathe & sleep at the same time.

39
Q

How does narcolepsy affect sleep?

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness, during the day this person falls asleep; REM sleep occurs within 15 min after falling asleep; vivid dreams as person falls asleep; sleep paralysis, feeling of being unable to move or talk just before waking or falling asleep is another symptom.

40
Q

How does sleep deprivation affect a person?

A

Affects immune fxn, metabolism, nitrogen balance, protein catabolism
Confusion and suspicion due to loss of REM sleep
Alters mood, motor performance, memory, equilibrium
More likely to have chronic diseases (e.g., DM, HTN, obesity)
Poorer quality of life and productivity

41
Q

What is an example of parasomnias?

A

Sleep walking

42
Q

True or False: The effects of sleep therapies can be evaluated through the patient’s eyes.

A

True

43
Q

Provide some questions you might ask your patient to evaluate if outcomes of sleep therapies have been met.

A

Can you fall asleep w/in 20 min of getting into bed?
Describe how well you sleep w/exercise
Does the use of quiet music at bedtime help you relax?
Do you feel rested when you wake up?

44
Q

What is reception?

A

stimulation of a receptor, such as light, touch, taste, or sound

45
Q

What is perception?

A

integration and interpretation based on pt’s experiences; person’s LOC influences perception and interpretation of stimuli
If sensation is incomplete, e.g., blurred vision, or if past experience is inadequate for understanding stimuli, e.g., pain, then person can react inappropriately

46
Q

Any factors _______ __________ impair sensory perception

A

lowering consciousness

47
Q

What is reaction?

A

only most important stimuli will elicit a reaction for future use

48
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory deprivation?

A
  1. Reduced sensory input: sensory deficit from visual or hearing loss
  2. The elimination of patterns or meaning from input → e.g., exposure to strange environments
  3. Restrictive environments (bedrest) that produce monotony and boredom
49
Q

What is sensory overload?

A

reception of multiple sensory stimuli

50
Q

How does age influence sensory function?

A

infants and children → at risk for visual/hearing impairment due to several genetic, prenatal, and postnatal conditions.

51
Q
A

N150B - Fundamentals in Nursing (6 decks)

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