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General Anatomy > Scalp > Flashcards

Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the part of the head that extends from the superciliary arches anteriorly to the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines posteriorly.

A

Scalp

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2
Q

Laterally it continues inferiorly to the zygomatic arch.

A

Scalp

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3
Q

The scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:

S - ______

A

Skin

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4
Q

The scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:

C - ______

A

Connective Tissue (dense)

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5
Q

The scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:

A - ______

A

Aponeurotic Layer

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6
Q

The scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:

L - ______

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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7
Q

The scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:

P - ______

A

Pericranium

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8
Q

The first ______ layers are tightly held together, forming a single unit. This unit is sometimes referred to as the ______ and is the tissue torn away during serious “______” injuries.

A

three, scalp proper, scalping

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9
Q

______ is the outer layer of the scalp and is similar structurally to skin throughout the body with the exception that hair is present on a large amount of it.

A

Skin

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10
Q

Deep to the skin is ______. This layer anchors the skin to the third layer and contains the arteries, veins, and nerves supplying the scalp.

A

Connective Tissue (dense)

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11
Q

When the scalp is cut, the dense connective tissue surrounding the vessels tends to hold cut vessels open. This results in ______.

A

profuse bleeding

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12
Q

This is the deepest layer of the first three layers and is firmly attached to the skin by the dense connective tissue of the second layer.

A

Aponeurotic Layer

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13
Q

The aponeurotic layer consists of the ______, which has a frontal belly anteriorly, and occipital belly posteriorly, and an aponeurotic tendon — the ______ (galea aponeurotica) — connecting the two.

A

occipitofrontalis muscle, epicranial aponeurosis

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14
Q

The ______ of the occipitofrontalis begins anteriorly where it is attached to the skin of the eyebrows. It passes upward, across the forehead, to become continuous with the aponeurotic tendon.

A

frontal belly

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15
Q

Posteriorly, each ______ of the occipitofrontalis arises from the lateral part of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It also passes superiorly to attach to the aponeurotic tendon.

A

occipital belly

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16
Q

The ______ muscles move the scalp, wrinkle the forehead, and raise the eyebrows.

A

occipitofrontalis

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17
Q

The frontal belly is innervated by temporal branches of the ______ and the posterior belly by the ______.

A

facial nerve VII, posterior auricular branch

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18
Q

A layer of ______ separates the aponeurotic layer from the pericranium and facilitates movement of the scalp proper over the calvaria. Because of its consistency, infections tend to localize and spread through this.

A

loose connective tissue

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19
Q

The ______ is the deepest layer of the scalp and is the periosteum on the outer surface of the calvaria. It is attached to the bones of the calvaria but is removable, except in the area of the sutures.

A

pericranium

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20
Q

Sensory innervation of the scalp is from two major sources, ______ or ______, depending on whether it is anterior or posterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.

A

cranial nerves, cervical nerves

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21
Q

The occipitofrontalis muscle is innervated by branches of the ______.

A

facial nerve [VII]

22
Q

Branches of the ______ supply the scalp anterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.

A

trigeminal nerve [V]

23
Q

What are the branches anterior to the ears and the vertex?

A

supratrochlear, supra-orbital, zygomaticotemporal, and auriculotemporal nerves

24
Q

The ______ nerve exits the orbit, passes through the frontalis muscle, continues superiorly across the front of the forehead, and supplies the front of the forehead near the midline.

A

supratrochlear

25
Q

The ______ nerve exits the orbit through the supra-orbital notch or foramen, passes through the frontalis muscle, and continues superiorly across the scalp as far back as the vertex of the head.

A

supra-orbital

26
Q

The ______ nerve exits the skull through a foramen in the zygomatic bone and supplies the scalp over a small anterior area of the temple.

A

zygomaticotemporal

27
Q

The ______ nerve exits from the skull, deep to the parotid gland, passes just anterior to the ear, continues superiorly anterior to the ear until nearly reaching the vertex of the head, and supplies the scalp over the temporal region and anterior to the ear to near the vertex.

A

auriculotemporal

28
Q

Posterior to the ears and vertex, sensory innervation of the scalp is by ______, specifically branches from spinal cord levels ______ and ______.

A

cervical nerves, C2, C3

29
Q

What are the branches posterior to the ears and the vertex?

A

great auricular, lesser occipital, greater occipital, third occipital nerves

30
Q

The ______ nerve is a branch of the cervical plexus, arises from the anterior rami of the C2 and C3 spinal nerves, ascends on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and innervates a small area of the scalp just posterior to the ear.

A

great auricular

31
Q

The ______ nerve is also a branch of the cervical plexus, arises from the anterior ramus of the C2 spinal nerve, ascends on the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and supplies an area of the scalp posterior and superior to the ear.

A

lesser occipital

32
Q

The ______ nerve is a branch of the posterior ramus of the C2 spinal nerve, emerges just inferior to the obliquus capitis inferior muscle, ascends superficial to the suboccipital triangle, pierces the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles, and then spreads out to supply a large part of the posterior scalp as far superiorly as the vertex.

A

greater occipital

33
Q

The ______ nerve is a branch of the posterior ramus of the C3 spinal nerve, pierces the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles, and supplies a small area of the lower part of the scalp.

A

third occipital

34
Q

Arteries supplying the scalp are branches of either the ______ artery or the ______ artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

A

external carotid, ophthalmic

35
Q

What are the branches from the ophthalmic artery?

A

supratrochlear and supra-orbital arteries

36
Q

The ______ and ______ arteries supply the anterior and superior aspects of the scalp.

A

supratrochlear, supra-orbital

37
Q

These arteries branch from the ophthalmic artery while it is in the orbit, continue through the orbit, and exit onto the forehead in association with the supratrochlear and supra-orbital nerves. Like the nerves, the arteries ascend across the forehead to supply the scalp as far posteriorly as the vertex of the head.

A

supratrochlear and supra-orbital arteries

38
Q

Three branches of the ______ artery supply the largest part of the scalp — supply the lateral and posterior aspects of the scalp.

A

external carotid

39
Q

What are the three branches of the external carotid artery that supply the lateral and posterior aspects of the scalp?

A

superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital arteries

40
Q

The smallest branch, the ______ artery, leaves the posterior aspect of the external carotid artery, passes through deeper structures, and emerges to supply an area of the scalp posterior to the ear.

A

posterior auricular

41
Q

Also arising from the posterior aspect of the external carotid artery is the ______ artery, which ascends in a posterior direction, passes through several layers of back musculature, and emerges to supply a large part of the posterior aspect of the scalp.

A

occipital

42
Q

The third arterial branch supplying the scalp is the ______ artery, a terminal branch of the external carotid artery that passes superiorly, just anterior to the ear, divides into anterior and posterior branches, and supplies almost the entire lateral aspect of the scalp.

A

superficial temporal

43
Q

Veins draining the scalp follow a pattern similar to the ______.

A

arteries

44
Q

The ______ and ______ veins drain the anterior part of the scalp from the superciliary arches to the vertex of the head, pass inferior to the superciliary arches, communicate with the ophthalmic veins in the orbit, and continue inferiorly to participate in the formation of the angular vein, which is the upper tributary to the facial vein.

A

supratrochlear, supra-orbital

45
Q

The ______ vein drains the entire lateral area of the scalp before passing inferiorly to join in the formation of the retromandibular vein.

A

superficial temporal

46
Q

The ______ vein drains the area of the scalp posterior to the ear and eventually empties into a tributary of the retromandibular vein.

A

posterior auricular

47
Q

The ______ vein drains the posterior aspect of the scalp from the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines to the vertex of the head; deeper, it passes through the musculature in the posterior neck to join in the formation of the plexus of veins in the suboccipital triangle.

A

occipital

48
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the scalp generally follows the pattern of ______.

A

arterial distribution

49
Q

The lymphatics in the occipital region initially drain to ______ nodes near the attachment of the trapezius muscle at the base of the skull.

A

occipital

50
Q

Further along the pathway occipital nodes drain into ______ nodes. There is also some direct drainage to ______ nodes from this part of the scalp.

A

upper deep cervical

51
Q

Lymphatics from the upper part of the scalp drain in two directions:

  1. Posterior to the vertex of the head they drain to ______ nodes (retro-auricular/posterior auricular nodes) posterior to the ear near the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and efferent vessels from these nodes drain into ______ nodes.
  2. Anterior to the vertex of the head they drain to ______ and ______ nodes anterior to the ear on the surface of the parotid gland.
A

mastoid, upper deep cervical, preauricular, parotid

52
Q

There may be some lymphatic drainage from the forehead to the ______ nodes through efferent vessels that follow the facial artery.

A

submandibular

General Anatomy (6 decks)

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