Fundoscopy

Question 1

In which retinal pathology would you find circinate exudates and hard exudates?

Answer 1

Diabetic retinopathy - exudates in a circle, this is indicative of oedematous retina.

Question 2

Features of grade 4 hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 2

Flame haemorrhages

Swollen optic disc

Exudates in radial pattern at macula (macular star)

Cotton wool spots

Question 3

What would you expect to see in the red reflex if the patient had a cataract?

Answer 3

Black spokes in the red reflex.

Question 4

Features of papilloedema on fundoscopy?

Answer 4

Indistinct optic disc margins (blurred) = disc swelling.

Question 5

What does a pale disc on fundoscopy indicate?

Answer 5

Optic atrophy. Very pale disc (almost white in colour).

Question 6

Features of branch retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 6

Large flame-shaped haemorrhages in only ONE quadrant.

‘Ghost vessel’ - white vessel, obliterated vein

Question 7

Features of retinitis pigmentosa?

Answer 7

Bone-spicule black pigmentation on periphery of retina.

Very attenuated vasculature.