Lungs and Airways Flashcards
Almost all of the respiratory tract is covered by what kind of epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What are the five types of cells that are included in the respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Small granule cells
Brush cells
Basal cells
“Come BB GirlS”
What do ciliated cells do?
Move mucous
What do goblet cells do?
Create mucous
What do small granule cells do?
Endocrine
What do brush cells do?
Sensory
What do basal cells do?
Stem cell population
False fold has ____________________ covering loose connective tissue.
True fold has _____________________
covering a core of dense connective tissue and muscle
respiratory epithelium
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Trachea has ___-shaped cartilage to hold the airway open while also allowing flexibility for the esophagus to expand
C-shaped
What is the point of mucous being released by goblet cells?
To trap particulate matter
How many secondary bronchi do Right and Left sides have?
3- Right
2- Left
How many primary bronchi do Right and Left sides have
1 on each side
How many lobes on R and L lungs
Right has 3
Left has 2
Bronchial arteries branch off of the _____________ and supply blood to respiratory system
Aorta
Bronchial veins drain into the _____________ which lead to the _________________.
azygos vein system
Right Atrium
bronchiolar exocrine cells help prevent what?
Prevent collapse of smaller airways + release ions into lumen
Alveolar ducts are lined with what type of cell?
simple squamous epithelium
(type I & type II pneumocytes)
What is the last portion of the respiratory system that has smooth muscle?
Alveolar ducts
What occurs in Alveoli?
Gas exchange between air and blood
Describe Type 1 pneumocytes
FLAT!
Although they only make up 40% of the pneumocytes, they cover 95% of the alveolar surface
How does gas exchange occur in Type 1 pneumocytes?
Gas diffusion through cytoplasm
Describe Type 2 pneumocytes
Is 60% of the total population, however only 5% of the alveolar surface area
Function of Type 2 pneumocytes
Divides & regenerates BOTH types of pneumocytes
Releases pulmonary surfactant, reducing surface tension to create expansion & prevent collapse of air spaces
Describe the three layers of the Interalveolar septae?
aka the Blood-Gas Barrier:
- Type I pneumocyte and thin coating of surfactant
2.Basal lamina of pneumocytes & capillary cells fuse
3.Capillary cells (endothelium)
What is happening in the lungs with asthma?
Excessive constriction of alveolar smooth muscle
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
A disease in which mucous in the airways (and other organs) is abnormally thick
What is happening in the body to cause Cystic Fibrosis?
Caused by a Cl- pump mutation. The lack of chloride ions in the airway creates a lack of H20 to thin the mucous. The thick mucous increases the rate of infections and may asphyxiate the patient
What is happening in the body to cause Emphysema?
Destruction of elastic fibers in interalveolar septae causing a loss of elasticity and decrease of surface area
What are the two forms of Emphysema
1) Genetic deficiency in enzyme a1 antitrypsin (which protects elastic tissue from macrophages)
2) Formed from smoking- which inhibits a1 antitripsin
What is Silicosis?
Inhalation of fine sand particles which can cause nodules to form in the lungs.
Then, these fine particles cause an inflammatory reaction.
This pneumoconiosis is progressive and gradual, this can cause terrible, irreversible damage
What is the leading cause of emphysema?
Smoking
What happens with DAD?
(Diffuse Alveolar Damage)
Pneumocytes, alveolar septae and underlying vessels are damaged
This causes Hyaline membranes to form and fibroblasts create connective tissue, thickening the septae and impeding gas exchange
