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Part 1 MFSRH 2024 > Arm Anatomy > Flashcards

Arm Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many compartments are there in the upper arm?

A

2

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2
Q

What type of muscles are contained within the anterior compartment?

A

Flexor muscles

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3
Q

Which muscles are found within the anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm?

A
  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Coracobrachialis
  3. Brachialis
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4
Q

How are the anterior compartment of the arm muscles innervated?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)

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5
Q

What type of muscles are contained within the posterior compartment?

A

Extensor

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6
Q

Which muscles are found within the posterior (extensor) compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

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7
Q

How are the posterior compartment of the arm muscles innervated?

A

Radial nerve (C5-T1)

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8
Q

How many heads does the biceps brachii have?

A

2 - a long and a short head

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9
Q

What are the origins of the heads of the biceps brachii?

A

Long head - originates at supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and runs along inter-tubercular groove of humerus

Short head - originates at the coracoid process of scapula

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10
Q

Which muscles runs along the inter-tubercular groove of humerus?

A

Long head of the biceps brachii

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11
Q

What is the insertion point of the heads of biceps brachii?

A

Radial tuberosity

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12
Q

What is the function of biceps brachii?

A

Flexor of forearm at elbow joint

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13
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis?

A

Distal anterior humerus

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14
Q

What is the insertion of the brachialis?

A

Medial aspect of the ulnar tuberosity

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15
Q

Is brachialis deep or superficial to biceps brachii?

A

Deep

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16
Q

What is the function of brachialis?

A

Flexor of forearm at elbow joint

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17
Q

How many heads are there to the triceps brachii?

A

3 - long, medial and lateral
(Medial head runs superficial to the lateral head)

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18
Q

Where does the triceps brachii insert?

A

All 3 heads merge, form a tendon, and insert at the olecranon process of the ulnar bone

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19
Q

What are the origins of the triceps brachii?

A

Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

Medial head - humerus (inferior to the radial groove)

Lateral head - humerus (superior to the radial groove)

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20
Q

What is the root of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1 (arising from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus)

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21
Q

What is the path of the radial nerve?

A

Travels posteriorly along the humerus in the radial groove
Winds it’s way around the humerus laterally at the mid-shaft so vulnerable to damage if fracture in this area

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22
Q

What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve innervate?

A
  • Cutaneous sensation of posterior forearm
  • Lateral aspect of dorsal of hand
  • Dorsal surface of lateral three and a half digits
23
Q

What does the deep branch of the radial nerve innervate?

A
  • Extensor muscles in posterior forearm
24
Q

At what point does the radial nerve split into a superficial and deep branch?

A

Passes anterior to lateral epicondyle through the cubital fossa to enter the forearm THEN divides

25
Q

Prior to its division, what does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Triceps brachii

26
Q

What other nerve is involved in innervating triceps brachii?

A

Lateral head of triceps brachii is also innervated by axillary nerve

27
Q

What is the root of the axillary nerve?

A

C5-C6, and arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

28
Q

How does a radial nerve injury present?

A
  1. Wrist drop
  2. Loss of sensation to the lateral aspect of the dorsum of hand
29
Q

What is the function of the musculoctaenous nerve?

A

Innervation of the muscles of the flexor compartment of the upper arm

30
Q

What is the root of the musculocutaenous nerve?

A

C5-C7 (arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus)

31
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve become?

A

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, providing sensory innervation

32
Q

What is the path of musculocutaenous nerve?

A

Enters coracobrachialis muscle and runs through flexor compartment superficial to brachialis muscle and deep to biceps brachii muscle –>
Pierces deep fascia lateral to biceps brachii to emerge lateral to biceps tendon and brachioradialis

33
Q

How does an injury to the musculocutaenous nerve present?

A
  1. Weak flexion at elbow and shoulder, weak supination of forearm
  2. Loss of sensation over lateral aspect of forearm
34
Q

What root does the median nerve arise?

A

C6-T1

35
Q

What is the motor function of the median nerve?

A

Flexor and pronator muscles of anterior compartment of forearm, thenar muscles and lateral two lumbricals in the hand

36
Q

What is the sensory function of the median nerve?

A

Palmar cutaneous branch: lateral aspect of palm

Digital cutaneous branch: lateral three and a half fingers of anterior surface of hand

37
Q

What is the path of the median nerve?

A

Descends the upper arm LATERALLY to brachial artery

Crosses brachial artery to enter the anterior compartment of the forearm through cubital fossa and run medially

Runs through carpal tunnel to enter hand

38
Q

How does a median nerve injury present?

A

@ wrist = loss of thumb opposition and atrophy (ape hand)

Distal injury - lateral lumbrical weakness (median claw)

Proximal injury = weakness of forearm muscles and hand of benediction (can only close medial 2 fingers on asking to make a fist)

39
Q

How does ulnar nerve injury present?

A
  1. Weak thumb adduction
  2. Claw-like hand deformity
  3. Loss of sensation over little finger and medial aspect of ring finger
40
Q

What is the root of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1 (from the medial cord of the brachial plexus)

41
Q

What is the motor function of the ulnar nerve?

A

2 muscles of anterior forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus) and intrinsic muscles of the hand (apart from thenar muscles and 2 lateral lumbricals

42
Q

What is the sensory function of the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial one and a half fingers and associated palmar area

43
Q

What is the route of the ulnar nerve?

A

Travels distally between the axillary artery and axillary vein and is medial to the brachial artery

At the midpoint of the arm it pierces the medial fascial septum to enter the posterior compartment of the arm

Passes between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon in the groove for the ulnar nerve to enter the anterior compartment of the forearm

44
Q

What is the arterial supply of the arm?

A

Subclavian artery–> axillary artery –> brachial artery

45
Q

When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Where crosses the 1st rib

46
Q

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the level of inferior border of teres major muscle

47
Q

At what level does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?

A

Level of neck of radius

48
Q

What branches does the brachial artery give off prior to becoming the radial and ulnar artery?

A
  1. Profunda brachii (deep artery of arm) - runs between triceps and radial nerve
  2. Humeral nutrient artery
  3. Superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries (superior ulnar artery travels with the ulnar nerve)
49
Q

Where is the briachial artery relative to the humerus?

A

Medial

50
Q

What are the superficial veins to the arm?

A
  • Cephalic
  • Basilic - in subcut tissue until pierces brachila fascia to run deep next to brachial artery
51
Q

What are the deep veins are the arm?

A
  • Ulnar vein
  • Radial vein
    ^^join to become the brachial vein, emptying int ot eh axillary vein
52
Q

When does the formation of the limb buds begin?

A

Week 4

53
Q

From what is the limb bud derived?

A

Mesenchymal cells in the somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

54
Q

At mid-humeral level, where does the cephalic vein lie?

A

Above the brachial fascia

Part 1 MFSRH 2024 (20 decks)

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