Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclosporin does not suppress the BM and works on IL___ and the main SE is ….

A

Cyclosporin does not suppress the BM and usually has GI side effects, works on IL-2 and the main SE is GI upset but can also cause gingival hyperplasia

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2
Q

What are some causes for increased bilirubin?

A

prehepatic- Intravascular (like hemolysis), hepatic (liver failure so unable to break it down), and post hepatic like cholestasis

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3
Q

What enzyme/value of serum chemistry tells you about liver function and NOT damage?

A

ALP (half life is very long, like weeks to months and can be elevated due to many, many things!!!!)

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4
Q

What enzyme/value on serum chemistry tells you about liver damage but not function?

A

ALT (half life is 60 hours in dog and 4-6 hours in a cat)

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5
Q

HCM notes to know–

A

Left atrium dilated because left ventricle gets larger and atria does not handle well with high pressure so it will hypertrophy and when left atrium gets big enough it creates “smoke” signs on echo with turbulent blood flow

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6
Q

What is involved in the breakdown of a blood clot?

A

FDP’s, uses up antithrombin so that gets decreased, and D-dimers are used

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7
Q

What is directly involved with rat bait toxicity? (I am looking for an enzyme here)

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase which is the enzyme that is involved with anti-coagulating with rat bait toxicity

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8
Q

What elevates first with anti coag toxicity?

A

PT because involves factor 7 which has the shortest half life

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9
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is usually pituitary dependent or adrenal dependent?

A

Pituitary dependent

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10
Q

___% of pit tumors are microadenomas (tumor of the pituitary gland in the brain and are less than 1cm) that turn into MACRadenomas

A

20%

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11
Q

When can you see proteinuria without any other urinalysis abn?

A

Amyloidosis (think sher peis) and glomerulonephritis (can have normal BUN in these p but WILL HAVE loss of proteins in the urine)

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12
Q

Know all about LLDST and HDDST

A

..

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13
Q

Normal calcium in animals is __-__ on serum chem and is VERY VERY VERY VERY VERY VERYYY TIGHTLY REGULATED

A

like 9.4- 11

even 0.1 off is something to dive deeper into….

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14
Q

GSD with weight loss despite normal appetite 6 y/o MN is likely NOT what disease???

A

hyperadrenocorticism

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15
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism calcium and phosphorus levels…

A

high calcium and low phosphorus

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16
Q

What will iron def look like in terms of MCV and MCHC?

A

Microcytic micro chromic

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17
Q

____ is always artifact on MCHC

A

Hyperchromic (cannot get more hgb into cells than they already have….)

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18
Q

What will MCV and MCHC look like in terms of NON- regenerative anemia???

A

Normocytic and normochromic

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19
Q

What will MCV and MCHC look like in terms of regenerative anemia???

A

Hypercytic normochromic

20
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

Open wound in the chest wall

21
Q

IMHA will have ____

A

bilirubinuria

22
Q

bloodwork findings most consistent with ethylene glycol toxicity

A

metabolic acidosis, elevated anion gap, high osmolal gap, and calcium oxalate crystals

23
Q

Dogs with addison’s disease labwork

A

Monocytosis (stress leukogram),…

24
Q

The least likely CS of dogs with diabetes mellitus is _____

A

neuropathy

They will usually be pu/pd/polyphagic with weight loss

25
Q

Dogs with dehydration may have what findings on labwork?

A

Elevated PCV, pre renal azotemia so increased BUN and creatinine

26
Q

Stomach worm

A

Called Physaloptera and migrates throughout stomach and duodenum and can even go in a little further than that, usually free swimming but can attach and CAUSES CHRONIC VOMITING!!!!

27
Q

T/F canine scabies responds very well to medications

A

True!!!

28
Q

what worm can migrate to the eye?

A

Hookworms

29
Q

Live function tests

A

Tbilirubin, glucose, Cholesterol, BUN, albumin

30
Q

Cushings disease CS and labwork findings–

A

Pu/pd, stress leukogram, elevated ALP, LOW USG, bladder and/or kidney stones, panting, bot belly, hair thinning, alopecia

31
Q

ALP

A

ALP is how much the cells are turned on, does not mean liver damage/injury, can be increased with steroid use, older dogs, etc. So we usually do not get too concerned about high ALP even if moderate to marked because it can be influenced by many things

32
Q

Clues to liver failure

A

Hypercoagulable, high ALT Low BUN Increased Tbili
Elevated globulins Elevated or decreased cholesterol
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoglycemia

33
Q

What regulates calcium in the body?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

If PTH goes up then calcium goes up because it is mobilized from the bone (increased osteoclast activity) and increases absorption from the GI tract via vitamin D from the kidneys, if calcitonin goes up then calcium in the blood stream decreases

34
Q

HOGS IN YARD or HARD IONS

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
Neoplasia - lymphoma, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, AGASACA, mammary carcinomas Granulomatous disease- Fungal disease- blastomycosis and coccidiomycosis aka Valley fever are the most common
Also schizomycosis and heterobilarzia
Viral disease in cat causing granulomatous lesion- FIP
Renal disease causing secondary hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D toxicosis
Over supplementation/diet, eczema creams, through the sun, rat bait toxicity with vit D active ingredient
Vitamin A toxicity
Addison’s disease –> HYPERKALEMIA, HYPONATREMIA, HYPOCHOLREMIA
Growing animal (will also look like it has slight anemia, increased BUN because growing)

35
Q

Tx high calcium

A

Diuresis USE SODIUM CHLORIDE AKA SALINE FLUIDS FOR THIS, furosemide, bisphosphates, steroids
Management- calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, dextrose/glucose and insulin, fluids of diuresis, terbutaline 0.01

36
Q

Bloodwork with Addison’s Disease–

A

Low sodium, high potassium, cortisol levels below <2, high PCV (dehydration)/pre-renal azotemia, may have low glucose (may be refractory to treatment- has to do with how cortisol impacts gluconeogenesis), acidotic, hyperphosphatemia from decreased GFR/dehydration, hypercalcemia (could also be low)- mostly we see normal calcium so it basically does whatever it wants and follows trends of other electrolytes in that patient
Baseline cortisol less than 2, may have reversed stress leukogram

37
Q

T/F Because dogs with atypical Addison’s disease have signs of glucocorticoid deficiency only, they require glucocorticoid supplementation only

A

True!!!

Dogs with just e’lyte abn need just mineralocorticoid supplementation

38
Q

Adjust ____ in addisons dogs based on stressful events

A

Glucocorticoid

39
Q

LDDST

A

4 hour post- if cortisol is <1.4 then NO cushings dz,
8 hour post- if cortisol is > 1.4, consistent with cushing’s disease but unsure if it is PD or AD

40
Q

ACTH stim test

A

post samples
> 22 =cushings positive
17-22 = borderline
< 22= WNL, no cushings disease

41
Q

LDDST

A

Draw baseline cortisol
check at 9 hours first, if > 50% of the baseline AND if it is more than 1.5 then it is cushings
then check 4 hour if it is under 1.5 and then goes back up for 8 hour OR < 50% baseline then it is suppressed and is cushings and is likely PITUITARY DEPENDENT

42
Q

Most animals have ____ dependent cushings disease, esp. if they are ____ (size) dogs

A

Pituitary dependent; small breed dogs

43
Q

cushings disease can cause what other findings on work up?

A

Hepatomegaly, bladder stones/kidney stones, UTI, abn sized adrenals in some cases, hypercoaguloapthy with high BP

44
Q

adrenal and pituitary dependent cushings disease TX

A

Trilostane (Vetoryl)

45
Q
  1. Both adrenal glands large =
  2. One adrenal gland small and the other large=
  3. Both adrenal glands small=
A
  1. both large= pituitary
  2. one small, one large = adrenal most likely
  3. both adrenals small = Addison’s disease or iatrogenic with steroid use