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Internal Medicine > Things To Know > Flashcards

Things To Know Flashcards

1
Q

what are the metabolic derangements associated with re-feeding syndrome?

A

Hypophosphatemia and hypokalemia

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2
Q

what drugs are nephrotoxic that we have to worry about?

A

Amphotericin B, Gentamycin, Amicakin, NSAIDs, Ethylene glycol

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3
Q

PU/PD with what diseases?

A

Pyometra, DM, hyperadrenocorticism, liver failure

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4
Q

What is a sequela of Cyclophosphamide toxicity?

A

sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

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5
Q

what is the TOC for immune mediated non erosive polyarthritis???

A

TMS

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6
Q

What are some CS of feline calicivirus?

A

Mild conjunctivitis, nasal philtrum erosions, lingual vesicles and ulcerations, gingivitis NO coughing

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7
Q

what is the reservoir host for Cytauxzoon felis?

A

Bobcat

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8
Q

CS of large bowel diarrhea

A

tenesmus, mucous, hematochezia, urgency

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9
Q

What is likely the diagnosis:
Dog with pale mm and unilateral epistaxis with high platelets and normal PT and PTT???

A

Nasal adenocarcinoma likely

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10
Q

Diastolic murmur is likely caused by what?

A

Aortic valvular insufficiency

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of acromegaly in cats?

A

Pituitary adenoma

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12
Q

Patients with PTH calcium levels…

A

Will be upper end of the reference range for calcium and have high PTH
So high Ca2+ and high PTH= hyperparathyroidism

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13
Q

Organophosphate toxicity CS are….

A

Tremors, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, miosis

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14
Q

Suspected acute myopathy will have high ____

A

high CK

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15
Q

Addisons disease- some CS with different stages of the disease:

A

hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, azotemia

Waxing & waning problems (lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea)
Normal to elevated eosinophils or lymphocytes in a stressed patient, increased monocytes, reverse stress leukogram, normal or slow heart rate in the face of circulatory shock
History of nonspecific illness that responded to corticosteroid or fluid therapy, sometimes presents as AKI or in crisis

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16
Q

TX of Babesia gibsoni

A

Azithromycin and Atovaquone

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17
Q

What is the tx of Mycoplasma haemofelis

A

Doxycycline

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18
Q

Tx of IMHA

A

immunosuppressive medications, anti-thrombotic medications, and supportive therapy (like blood transfusions)

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19
Q

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia tx

A

immunosuppressive medications, Vincristine (more rapid increase in platelet counts and needs shorter duration of hospitalization compared to the use of steroids (pred) alone)

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy in dogs?

A

Elevated PTH related peptide that is present when they are fetuses and then suddenly kicks back on with neoplasia

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21
Q

What is the initial therapy for a cat with ISS?

A

Radical sx excision

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22
Q

What is the underlying pathology involved with dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis?

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of canine erythema multiforme?

A

Drug eruption

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24
Q

What is the stage of larva of heartworms that inoculate dogs by a mosquito?

A

L3 larval stage

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25
Q

What drug is used to tx cats with HCM and what is the class of the drug?

A

Diltiazem and it is a calcium channel blocker

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26
Q

Explain Euthyroid Sick Syndrome:

A

Total T4 low during non-thyroidal illness, Free T4 sometimes low during non-thyroidal illness, T4 may be inactivated to rT3 so thyroid testing should only be done in p with CS consistent with or suggestive of hypothyroidism

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27
Q

What are the CS in p with hypocalcemia?

A

Seizures, tremors, facial rubbing, paw chewing/skin tingling/acting itchy

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28
Q

GI toxicity in dogs at high end of the dosing interval with what drug?

A

Mycophenolate which is used to prevent organ rejection in humans during organ transplants and is used in animals to tx immune mediated diseases like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis, skin disease, or MG for examples

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29
Q

What are some examples for things causing extreme leukocytosis???

A

Pyometra, IMHA, Hepatozoonosis, granulocytic leukemia

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30
Q

Emphysematous cystitis most commonly is associated with what disease?

A

DM

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31
Q

What is the tx for dogs with Nasal Aspergillosis in dogs?

A

Clotrimazole

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32
Q

What is the drug to prevent formation of urate stones in dogs???

A

Allopurinol

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33
Q

Grade 5/6 murmur is loud and accompanied by what?

A

Palpable thrill

34
Q

What are the routes of transmission of Leptospirosis?

A

Direct organism contact with oral mucous membranes, vertical transmission (placental transfer), inoculation of bite wounds, and exposure to contaminated water or soil

35
Q

25% of dogs with right ____ mass have ____ invasion

A

25% of dogs with right adrenal masses have caval invasion

36
Q

What will happen in a p that has more than 50% of their pancreas excised?

A

EPI

37
Q

Omeprazole decreases ____ production

A

CSF

38
Q

Adrenal hyperadrenocorticism has low or high levels of ACTH usually???

A

Low levels (likely due to an adrenal tumor and will be high if it is a pituitary or ectopic tumor usually)

39
Q

What is NOT a labwork abnormality that you would find with Cushing’s disease?

A

Azotemia

YOU WILL SEE isosthenuria, increased ALP, and stress leukogram

40
Q

What are some causes of insulin resistance in diabetes patient?

A

Pancreatitis, UTI/secondary infection in general, Cushings disease, exogenous steroid administration, obesity, progesterone (diestrus), and some more

41
Q

A cat with DM would NOT have what CS?

A

Cataracts

42
Q

What to do if a cat was accidentally overdosed on insulin???

A

feed an extra meal, monitor BG, give IV Dextrose if needed

43
Q

What are the two causes of insulin resistance in cats commonly?

A

Feline hyperadrenocorticism and acromegaly

44
Q

What is the cause of acromegaly in dogs and cats???

A

Dogs is progesterone and cats is pituitary adenoma

45
Q

What is NOT a CS of feline hyperaldosteronism?

A

Hyponatremia

46
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in cats???

A

Idiopathic hypercalcemia

47
Q

If a dog comes in and is hypercalcemia, what should you do first to tx it???

A

Diuresis with 0.9% NaCl

48
Q

What is the test of choice for diagnosing hyperthyroid cats?

A

Total T4

49
Q

.

A

.

50
Q

What is the only test to ddx Addison’s Disease?

A

ACTH stimulation test

51
Q

How do we adjust Addisonian p medications?

A

Glucocorticoids (Pred)–> CS
Mineralcorticoids –> check sodium and potassium levels for derrangements- will be hyponatemic and hyperkalemic

52
Q

Is TSH Always increased in all hypothyroid dogs?

A

nope, only about 70% of them

53
Q

What factors play a role in canine thyroid carcinomas?

A

Invasion of local structure, tumor size and if medullary or non medullary– hypercalcemia does NOT play a role in the prognosis report

54
Q

Hypoalbuminemia- edema dorms with albumin less than ____

A

less than 2.5g/dL

and usually will see CS at 1.4-1.6g/dL

55
Q

PLN vs. PLE vs. Hepatopathy

A

PLN has low albumin and proteinuria

PLE has decreased everything

Hepatopathy has decreased cholesterol and albumin and increased globulins

56
Q

What syndrome is pathognomonic for glomerular disease?

A

Nephrotic Syndrome (will have hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia because liver is trying to compensate for low albumin), proteinuria, and edema/ascites

57
Q

What is the Hallmark of PLN?

A

Proteinuria without any active sediment/hematuria/UTI

58
Q

Evaluating protein in urine—>

A

Dipstick (most common) -screening
False positive will occur with alkaline urine usually

SSA (sulfosalicyclic acid)– detects albumin and globulins and if low albumin and neg SSA means not PLN

Urine protein: Creatinine- confirmatory/quantitative

59
Q

What med is used to help medical mgmt of Glomerular Dz?

A

ACE inhibitors- decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure of the EFFERENT tubule of the glomerulus and allows less protein to be lost in the urine

60
Q

What organs are most susceptible to damage from systemic hypertension?

A

Brain, eyes, heart, kidneys

61
Q

Why might a patient be hypercoagulable with increased PTE and PLN or glomerular disease??

A

Decreased AT 3 and increased platelet activation

62
Q

What protects the gastric mucosa from acidic injury???

A

Mucous and PGE2

63
Q

A dog presents with a hx of chronic v/d and anorexia, bloodwork shows hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbuminemia, what is your main ddx???

A

Hypertrophic gastropathy

64
Q

What are Norwegian Lundehunds predisposed to?

A

A form of gastritis known as atrophic gastritis

65
Q

GDV’s are _____ (acidosis or alkalosis)?

A

ischemia- lactic acid produced and losing bicarb from some diarrhea- metabolic acidosis

66
Q

Upper GI obstruction in dogs/cats lead to acidosis/alkalosis

A

Losing H+ in vomit so metabolic alkalosis

67
Q

What is the histopathology of pythium and how do you treat it??

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation of skin and GI Tract, Itraconazole and Terbinafine

68
Q

How do you tx Pyloric stenosis?

A

Pyloroplasty

69
Q

What causes paraneoplastic hypoglycemia?

A

Insulinoma and gastric leiomyosacomas

70
Q

A dog presents with fever, v/dm hematochezia, hemoptysis, nasal and/or ocular discharge and some lymphadenopathy after returning from a fishing trip. You run a fecal and aspirate some LN…. You find eggs and inclusion bodies on macrophages of the LN aspirates. What is your ddx?

A

Salmon poisoning (Nanophytus salmonicola) and you tx with Doxycycline to rid the infection and Praziquantel to kill off the eggs

71
Q

What are some options for testing for Leptospirosis?

A

PCR to sendout - a urine test but cannot do if already on abx
IgM antibody test aka the Witness test
Microagglutination test (IgG- Gold Standard and is most sensitive) but takes like 2 weeks for results to come back

72
Q

What breed has proven hereditary risk of primary copper associated hepatopathy??

A

Bedlington terriers

73
Q

A side effect of Cyclosporine is predisposition to secondary infections by which two filamented bacterial agents?

A

Nocardia and Actinomyces

74
Q

What are two endocrine diseases related to megaesophagus?

A

Hypothyroidism and Addison’s Disease

75
Q

What bloodwork abn on CBC does a Sertoli Cell Tumor produce?

A

Pancytopenia

76
Q

What infectious organism can cause a local myositis in cats?

A

Toxoplasma

77
Q

What crystal found in the urine is shaped like a hexagon?

A

Cystine

78
Q

What diuretic can you add to lasix in a p with CHF?

A

Spirolactone

79
Q

What is the cell predominating in chyle?

A

Lymphocytes

80
Q

What is the hallmark of Renal amyloidosis?

A

low protein

81
Q
A

Internal Medicine (3 decks)

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