Things To Know

Question 1

what are the metabolic derangements associated with re-feeding syndrome?

Answer 1

Hypophosphatemia and hypokalemia

Question 2

what drugs are nephrotoxic that we have to worry about?

Answer 2

Amphotericin B, Gentamycin, Amicakin, NSAIDs, Ethylene glycol

Question 3

PU/PD with what diseases?

Answer 3

Pyometra, DM, hyperadrenocorticism, liver failure

Question 4

What is a sequela of Cyclophosphamide toxicity?

Answer 4

sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

Question 5

what is the TOC for immune mediated non erosive polyarthritis???

Answer 5

TMS

Question 6

What are some CS of feline calicivirus?

Answer 6

Mild conjunctivitis, nasal philtrum erosions, lingual vesicles and ulcerations, gingivitis NO coughing

Question 7

what is the reservoir host for Cytauxzoon felis?

Answer 7

Bobcat

Question 8

CS of large bowel diarrhea

Answer 8

tenesmus, mucous, hematochezia, urgency

Question 9

What is likely the diagnosis:
Dog with pale mm and unilateral epistaxis with high platelets and normal PT and PTT???

Answer 9

Nasal adenocarcinoma likely

Question 10

Diastolic murmur is likely caused by what?

Answer 10

Aortic valvular insufficiency

Question 11

What is the most common cause of acromegaly in cats?

Answer 11

Pituitary adenoma

Question 12

Patients with PTH calcium levels…

Answer 12

Will be upper end of the reference range for calcium and have high PTH
So high Ca2+ and high PTH= hyperparathyroidism

Question 13

Organophosphate toxicity CS are….

Answer 13

Tremors, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, miosis

Question 14

Suspected acute myopathy will have high ____

Answer 14

high CK

Question 15

Addisons disease- some CS with different stages of the disease:

Answer 15

hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, azotemia

Waxing & waning problems (lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea)
Normal to elevated eosinophils or lymphocytes in a stressed patient, increased monocytes, reverse stress leukogram, normal or slow heart rate in the face of circulatory shock
History of nonspecific illness that responded to corticosteroid or fluid therapy, sometimes presents as AKI or in crisis

Question 16

TX of Babesia gibsoni

Answer 16

Azithromycin and Atovaquone

Question 17

What is the tx of Mycoplasma haemofelis

Answer 17

Doxycycline

Question 18

Tx of IMHA

Answer 18

immunosuppressive medications, anti-thrombotic medications, and supportive therapy (like blood transfusions)

Question 19

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia tx

Answer 19

immunosuppressive medications, Vincristine (more rapid increase in platelet counts and needs shorter duration of hospitalization compared to the use of steroids (pred) alone)

Question 20

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy in dogs?

Answer 20

Elevated PTH related peptide that is present when they are fetuses and then suddenly kicks back on with neoplasia

Question 21

What is the initial therapy for a cat with ISS?

Answer 21

Radical sx excision

Question 22

What is the underlying pathology involved with dogs with immune-mediated polyarthritis?

Answer 22

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Question 23

What is the most common cause of canine erythema multiforme?

Answer 23

Drug eruption

Question 24

What is the stage of larva of heartworms that inoculate dogs by a mosquito?

Answer 24

L3 larval stage

Question 25

What drug is used to tx cats with HCM and what is the class of the drug?

Answer 25

Diltiazem and it is a calcium channel blocker

Question 26

Explain Euthyroid Sick Syndrome:

Answer 26

Total T4 low during non-thyroidal illness, Free T4 sometimes low during non-thyroidal illness, T4 may be inactivated to rT3 so thyroid testing should only be done in p with CS consistent with or suggestive of hypothyroidism

Question 27

What are the CS in p with hypocalcemia?

Answer 27

Seizures, tremors, facial rubbing, paw chewing/skin tingling/acting itchy

Question 28

GI toxicity in dogs at high end of the dosing interval with what drug?

Answer 28

Mycophenolate which is used to prevent organ rejection in humans during organ transplants and is used in animals to tx immune mediated diseases like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis, skin disease, or MG for examples

Question 29

What are some examples for things causing extreme leukocytosis???

Answer 29

Pyometra, IMHA, Hepatozoonosis, granulocytic leukemia

Question 30

Emphysematous cystitis most commonly is associated with what disease?

Answer 30

DM

Question 31

What is the tx for dogs with Nasal Aspergillosis in dogs?

Answer 31

Clotrimazole

Question 32

What is the drug to prevent formation of urate stones in dogs???

Answer 32

Allopurinol

Question 33

Grade 5/6 murmur is loud and accompanied by what?

Answer 33

Palpable thrill

Question 34

What are the routes of transmission of Leptospirosis?

Answer 34

Direct organism contact with oral mucous membranes, vertical transmission (placental transfer), inoculation of bite wounds, and exposure to contaminated water or soil

Question 35

25% of dogs with right ____ mass have ____ invasion

Answer 35

25% of dogs with right adrenal masses have caval invasion

Question 36

What will happen in a p that has more than 50% of their pancreas excised?

Answer 36

EPI

Question 37

Omeprazole decreases ____ production

Answer 37

CSF

Question 38

Adrenal hyperadrenocorticism has low or high levels of ACTH usually???

Answer 38

Low levels (likely due to an adrenal tumor and will be high if it is a pituitary or ectopic tumor usually)

Question 39

What is NOT a labwork abnormality that you would find with Cushing's disease?

Answer 39

Azotemia YOU WILL SEE isosthenuria, increased ALP, and stress leukogram

Question 40

What are some causes of insulin resistance in diabetes patient?

Answer 40

Pancreatitis, UTI/secondary infection in general, Cushings disease, exogenous steroid administration, obesity, progesterone (diestrus), and some more

Question 41

A cat with DM would NOT have what CS?

Answer 41

Cataracts

Question 42

What to do if a cat was accidentally overdosed on insulin???

Answer 42

feed an extra meal, monitor BG, give IV Dextrose if needed

Question 43

What are the two causes of insulin resistance in cats commonly?

Answer 43

Feline hyperadrenocorticism and acromegaly

Question 44

What is the cause of acromegaly in dogs and cats???

Answer 44

Dogs is progesterone and cats is pituitary adenoma

Question 45

What is NOT a CS of feline hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 45

Hyponatremia

Question 46

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in cats???

Answer 46

Idiopathic hypercalcemia

Question 47

If a dog comes in and is hypercalcemia, what should you do first to tx it???

Answer 47

Diuresis with 0.9% NaCl

Question 48

What is the test of choice for diagnosing hyperthyroid cats?

Answer 48

Total T4

Question 49

.

Answer 49

.

Question 50

What is the only test to ddx Addison's Disease?

Answer 50

ACTH stimulation test

Question 51

How do we adjust Addisonian p medications?

Answer 51

Glucocorticoids (Pred)--> CS Mineralcorticoids --> check sodium and potassium levels for derrangements- will be hyponatemic and hyperkalemic

Question 52

Is TSH Always increased in all hypothyroid dogs?

Answer 52

nope, only about 70% of them

Question 53

What factors play a role in canine thyroid carcinomas?

Answer 53

Invasion of local structure, tumor size and if medullary or non medullary-- hypercalcemia does NOT play a role in the prognosis report

Question 54

Hypoalbuminemia- edema dorms with albumin less than ____

Answer 54

less than 2.5g/dL and usually will see CS at 1.4-1.6g/dL

Question 55

PLN vs. PLE vs. Hepatopathy

Answer 55

PLN has low albumin and proteinuria PLE has decreased everything Hepatopathy has decreased cholesterol and albumin and increased globulins

Question 56

What syndrome is pathognomonic for glomerular disease?

Answer 56

Nephrotic Syndrome (will have hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia because liver is trying to compensate for low albumin), proteinuria, and edema/ascites

Question 57

What is the Hallmark of PLN?

Answer 57

Proteinuria without any active sediment/hematuria/UTI

Question 58

Evaluating protein in urine--->

Answer 58

Dipstick (most common) -screening False positive will occur with alkaline urine usually SSA (sulfosalicyclic acid)-- detects albumin and globulins and if low albumin and neg SSA means not PLN Urine protein: Creatinine- confirmatory/quantitative

Question 59

What med is used to help medical mgmt of Glomerular Dz?

Answer 59

ACE inhibitors- decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure of the EFFERENT tubule of the glomerulus and allows less protein to be lost in the urine

Question 60

What organs are most susceptible to damage from systemic hypertension?

Answer 60

Brain, eyes, heart, kidneys

Question 61

Why might a patient be hypercoagulable with increased PTE and PLN or glomerular disease??

Answer 61

Decreased AT 3 and increased platelet activation

Question 62

What protects the gastric mucosa from acidic injury???

Answer 62

Mucous and PGE2

Question 63

A dog presents with a hx of chronic v/d and anorexia, bloodwork shows hyperglobulinemia with hypoalbuminemia, what is your main ddx???

Answer 63

Hypertrophic gastropathy

Question 64

What are Norwegian Lundehunds predisposed to?

Answer 64

A form of gastritis known as atrophic gastritis

Question 65

GDV's are _____ (acidosis or alkalosis)?

Answer 65

ischemia- lactic acid produced and losing bicarb from some diarrhea- metabolic acidosis

Question 66

Upper GI obstruction in dogs/cats lead to acidosis/alkalosis

Answer 66

Losing H+ in vomit so metabolic alkalosis

Question 67

What is the histopathology of pythium and how do you treat it??

Answer 67

Pyogranulomatous inflammation of skin and GI Tract, Itraconazole and Terbinafine

Question 68

How do you tx Pyloric stenosis?

Answer 68

Pyloroplasty

Question 69

What causes paraneoplastic hypoglycemia?

Answer 69

Insulinoma and gastric leiomyosacomas

Question 70

A dog presents with fever, v/dm hematochezia, hemoptysis, nasal and/or ocular discharge and some lymphadenopathy after returning from a fishing trip. You run a fecal and aspirate some LN.... You find eggs and inclusion bodies on macrophages of the LN aspirates. What is your ddx?

Answer 70

Salmon poisoning (Nanophytus salmonicola) and you tx with Doxycycline to rid the infection and Praziquantel to kill off the eggs

Question 71

What are some options for testing for Leptospirosis?

Answer 71

PCR to sendout - a urine test but cannot do if already on abx IgM antibody test aka the Witness test Microagglutination test (IgG- *Gold Standard* and is most sensitive) but takes like 2 weeks for results to come back

Question 72

What breed has proven hereditary risk of primary copper associated hepatopathy??

Answer 72

Bedlington terriers

Question 73

A side effect of Cyclosporine is predisposition to secondary infections by which two filamented bacterial agents?

Answer 73

Nocardia and Actinomyces

Question 74

What are two endocrine diseases related to megaesophagus?

Answer 74

Hypothyroidism and Addison's Disease

Question 75

What bloodwork abn on CBC does a Sertoli Cell Tumor produce?

Answer 75

Pancytopenia

Question 76

What infectious organism can cause a local myositis in cats?

Answer 76

Toxoplasma

Question 77

What crystal found in the urine is shaped like a hexagon?

Answer 77

Cystine

Question 78

What diuretic can you add to lasix in a p with CHF?

Answer 78

Spirolactone

Question 79

What is the cell predominating in chyle?

Answer 79

Lymphocytes

Question 80

What is the hallmark of Renal amyloidosis?

Answer 80

low protein