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Geography > Health + human rights > Flashcards

Health + human rights Flashcards

1
Q

What is human development?

A

used to describe a country improvement over time as well as increasing people’s opportunities

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2
Q

What are welfare states?

A
  • occurs in most developed countries -> where governments use taxes to fund a welfare states system

Promotes human wellbeing by redistributing resources for those in need

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3
Q

Why is GDP a good measure of development?

A
  • economic growth drives other types of development
  • advances in health + life expectancy can only be delivered by economic growth
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4
Q

Why is GDP not a good measure of development?

A

Doesn’t consider quality of life

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5
Q

What is Bolivia like under Evo Morales?

A
  • taxes have been raised on the profits of oil TNCs to over 80% + these have been used to reduce poverty
  • has a focus on environmental + social progress
  • nationalised oil + gas
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6
Q

What is the Mathusian viewpoint on resources?

A

As population reaches resource limit -> Mathusian Catastrophe occurs -> war, famine etc

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7
Q

What is the Happy Planet Index?

A

Happy Planet Index = life expectancy x experienced wellbeing / ecological footprint

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8
Q

How do Costa Rica maintain a high life expectancy?

A
  • Has an average life expectancy of 78.5
  • Population benefits from government + private healthcare
  • Residents eat well + exercise + have genetic characteristics for longevity
  • Large pre-natal outreach
  • Education programmes
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9
Q

How are Costa Rican’s wellbeing maintained?

A
  • Military abolished in 1948
  • spending is instead spent on education
  • all citizens have healthcare + access to education
  • peace is a big theme (uni courses on it)
  • big focus on relationships + community
  • lots of spare time
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10
Q

How is the ecological footprint maintained in Costa Rica ?

A
  • Costa Rica has pioneered techniques in land managements, reforestation + fossil fuel alternatives
  • Oil exporters pay a special tac -> used to pay locals to protect the environment -> this prevents illegal logging from being profitable
  • areas suffering from deforestation converted into national parks
  • 99% of energy is from renewable sources
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11
Q

What was Hans Rosling’s view on development?

A

He felt the way to improve future goals such as health + human rights was through economic growth

  • also argued that human rights was vital for economic growth and that these cannot exist without a good stable government
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12
Q

How can access to education be measured?

A
  • access to education
  • attendence levels
  • exam results
  • how many years in school
  • whether boys + girls have equal access to education
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13
Q

What is human capital?

A

the total amount of skills and knowledge a country’s population has

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14
Q

Why is education important for development?

A

Education is crucial to economic development as it increases the value of ‘human capital’ e.g skilled workforce

Education and levels of income are linked

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15
Q

How is gender inequality shown across the world?

A

UNESCO found education still faces gender inequality

In sub-sahara Africa fewer girls finish both primary + secondary - 72% boys 66% girls

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16
Q

What barriers are girls facing when trying to achieve education?

A
  • In some places, school do not meet safety, hygiene or sanitation needs of girls
  • Boys are more likely to go to school as they are the breadwinners
  • Cultural views about women being mothers exist
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17
Q

What has been done in Bangladesh to overcome the challenge to education?

A
  • Employ women in every village to educate on family planning + contraception
  • Government pay families to keep girls in school
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18
Q

What has been the outcome for the development project focused on girl’s education in Bangladesh?

A
  • No of babies per women has decreased from 8 to 2.2
  • Life expectancy has increased
  • More females have careers - increased economic growth
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19
Q

How can health impact human development?

A
  • Childhood diseases lead to stunting + poor cognitive development -> affects education
  • diseases reduce capacity to work
  • family members may have to spend long periods looking after ill family members due to poor health service
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20
Q

What is social progress?

A

the idea that societies can improve over time in economic, human and environmental terms
Governments play a large role in this

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21
Q

France - education + healthcare spending

A

HEALTH
- is predominatly state funded
- 4th highest spending as a % in G20
- families pay top up insurance of £150 a month

WELFARE
- high welfare + pension payments

EDUCATION
- high spending
- £8500 per student per year

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22
Q

Saudi Arabia - education + healthcare spending

A

Autocratic state
HEALTH
- state funded
- high quality hospitals

WELFARE
- pensions are low
- only 1/3 of working people in employment
- only 22% of women work

EDUCATION
- education focused on religious teaching
- Saudi teachers are often poorly trained
- Expat schools much better -> gated as they can be bombed

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23
Q

What are SDG’s?

A

Sustainable Development Goals
- 17 goals to promote development universally

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24
Q

What are MDG’s?

A

Millennium Development Goals
- ran from 2000-2015
- created by UN
- aimed to improve the lives of people in developing countries through a global response
- 8 goals

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25
Q

What are 2 examples of MDG’s?

A
  • to 1/2 proportion of people suffering from hunger
  • reduce by 2/3 the under 5’s mortality rate
  • eliminate gender disparity in primary + secondary education
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26
Q

What were drawbacks to the MDGs?

A
  • only 1 of the goals achieved
  • some countries (China) had large success whilst there was limited progress in South Asia + Africa
  • Conflict set back some progress
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27
Q

Difference between MDGs + SDGs?

A

SDGs have a bigger focus on sustainable development

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28
Q

Describe an example of a non-secular governance ( SHARIA LAW)

A

When law + religion are interwined.
Sharia law is a religious Islamic view in law which covers inheritance, marriage, contracts + criminal punishments
Some countries use Sharia law to justify an authoritarian approach

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29
Q

Give an example of when a non-secular government has restricted reduction in gender disparity?

A

Sharia law - has been used to restrict women’s rights + to jusifty the poor treatment of women.

Death penalty is also justified under Sharia Law

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30
Q

What is an example of governance which uses the model of sustainability?

A

BOLIVIA

Morales lead to the creation of the 2009 Constitution focused on the Law of Mother Earth

Includes
- Mother Nature has rights
- Government has duty in protecting mother Nature e.g thorough removal of WMDs

This is an approach to put nature first in the response to climate change

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31
Q

What is a communist model of governance?

A
  • Prominent industries are state-owned
  • working conditions + pay more regulated
    However
  • less economic growth (less focus on profits)
  • To maintain one-part control, governments would restrict freedom of speech and human rights
    e.g China
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32
Q

What is an authoritarian government?

A

Where descions are made by the government or one person alone. e.g dictatorships
- have a bad human rights record

NORTH KOREA
- persecution of anyone who questions the government
- execution/ torture of prisoners

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33
Q

What is a democratic political system?

A

Allows people to vote out a government that is doing a bad job

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34
Q

What are the different versions of democracy?

A

Full democracy
- political freedom fully protected + respected

Flawed democracy
- elections are fair and civil liberities protected but they are problems e.g media may not be free

Hybrid regimes
- elections are not free + fair, corruption widespread

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35
Q

What is an example of a democratic state where human rights violations still occur? INDIA

A

Large human rights violations such as
- 70% of prison population awaiting trial
- security forces act with impunity

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36
Q

What is an example of regional health differences?

A

North- South divide
Blackpool has a life expectancy of 53.3 years
Richmond-Upon-Thames has a life expectancy of 71.9 years
- more access to private health care
- better lifestyle (gym, access to better foods)

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37
Q

What is an example of health differences between indigenous and non-native people?

A

AUSTRALIA
Aboriginal life expectancy for men is currently estimated to be 10.6 years lower than that of non-indigneous men and 9.5 years lower for women

Indigenous
- live in remote areas - limited access to healthcare
- High smoking rates - indigenous people only recently exposed to addictive substances
- Type 2 diabetes more prevalent (less education on foods/diet)
Non-native people
-better access to healthcare
- better education

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38
Q

What is the Global Partnership for Education (GPE)

A
  • established in 2002
  • created to help achieve MDG 2+3
  • invests in early childhood education + aims to develop a sound educational system (focused on poorest + most disadvantages children)
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39
Q

What views do IGOs often promote?

A

Neo-liberal views

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40
Q

What are neo-liberal views?

A

Views in favour of:
- reduced state intervention
- free-marker capitalism
- freedom for private businesses to trade
- promotes free trade
- privatising state assets e.g water

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41
Q

What are the drawback of the IGOs neo-liberal views?

A
  • benefits buisnesses + TNCs more than ordinary people
  • focuses on industrialisation, trade jobs -> misses out rural areas
  • focuses on economic growth at expense of environment
42
Q

What role does the IMF play in development?

A

The IMF aims to encourage global financial stability
- monitors global economy
- advises governments on how to improve economic situation
- gives loans to countries with economic problems

43
Q

What role does the World Bank play in development?

A

Provides loans + grants to developing countries to invest in areas like health, education etc
- countries are expected to pay back for loans

44
Q

What role does the World Trade Organisation (WTO) play in development?

A

Helps negotiate trade agreements + settle trade disputes
- sets rules about how countries should trade with each other e.g promote free trade by remove as many barriers as possible

45
Q

What is the Universal Deceleration of Human Rights (UDHR)?

A

30 articles that define basic human rights
Foundation for modern human rights
Not all countries signed it (Soviet Union, South Africa, Saudi Arabia)

46
Q

Are the UDHR still fit for purpose?

A
  • articles were set out by the west + some articles are in direct conflict with religious vires followed by Middle East
  • there is no way to enforce them
  • not legally binding

Key rights include
3 - right to life
4 - no slavery
5 - no torture

47
Q

What is the European Convention of Human Rights ( ECHR)?

A
  • adopted in 1950 by council of Europe
    47 member states
  • established a legal framework for protection of human rights
  • all member include this within national laws
  • 14 articles
48
Q

Why are human rights problematic in post-colonial states?

A
  • human rights had no role in colonial governments, so little history of them
  • post-colonial poverty lead to a focus on economic growth rather than human rights
  • Post colonial borders do not respect geography of people + so many ethnic minority groups may have been persecuted
49
Q

What is the GENEVA CONVENTION?

A

Series of laws to protect + safeguard combatants, members of armed forces, the wounded, sick + civillians.
- defines what counts as a war crime
- few cases have ever been brought to trial
- 141 countries still use torture

50
Q

What is an example of the geneva convention being broken? GUTANTANAMO BAY

A
  • violation of rule 5
  • reports of torture in the US prison (located in South America)
  • hot boxing common ( prisoners left in a box to dehydrate + burn)
51
Q

What was the SREBRENICA MASSACRE?

A
  • violations of 1-5
  • in 1995
  • 7,000 murdered
  • worst mass killing in Europe since WW2
  • Bosian Muslims were killed by Serbian armies in a UN safe zone
    Serb leader was convicted of genocide 20 years after the massacre
52
Q

What is the corruption perception index?

A

CPI is the most widely used corruption measure
- measures how corrupt each country’s public sector is perceived to be

Corruption is higher in authoritarian states
5% of world GDP is spent on corruption

53
Q

How does corruption affect development?

A

Prevents development in many ways
- money lost to corruption could be spent on infrastructure/ education
- also threatens human rights enforcement as politicians may bribe police etc

54
Q

What does the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) focus on to improve lives of ASTI people?

A
  • Preventing racial discrimination (protects ASTI people against it)
  • Social justice (recognises the rights of ASTI people to land for cultural support)
55
Q

Why were ASTI people discriminated against?

A

Were not considered Australian citizens until 1967
- forced to live on reserves (could not own land until 1975)
- had no vote
- many children were taken by authorities to be raised in s ‘civil society’
- 20% of school age children no enrolled in education
- may be due to mistrust of government

56
Q

How can Gender Equality be measured?

A

GII - Gender Inequality Index
- Australia’s progress towards gender equality includes legal reforms, increased female leadership, reduced gender pay gap etc

57
Q

Why is gender inequality an issue in Afghanistan?

A

Between 1996-2001 a large proportion of the country was controlled by the Taliban
- the Taliban enforce strict rules surrounding what women are allowed to do e.g cannot access education

58
Q

What happened in 2001 in Afghanistan? and how did this affect gender inequality there?

A

in 2001, the Taliban regime collapsed following a US-led military intervention
- following this progress was made in improving women’s rights -> by 2012 3.2 million girls were attending education (this progress was originally slow as Taliban laws had to be removed)

In 2021- Taliban REGAINED control + Afghanistan government collapsed leading to increase in violence and discrimination experienced by women -> now have imposed a ban on women attending secondary school

59
Q

What is torture?

A

When someone deliberately inflicts mental or physical pain on another person for a specific reason

60
Q

Torture in Iran

A

Many are at risk for torture for different reasons
- some for political reasons
- others for behaving in a way the government views as ‘unacceptable’ e.g listening to western music

Iranian authorities use brutal torture to control the population

61
Q

What is top-down development?

A
  • large in scale
  • carried out by governments, IGOs
  • Imposed upon locals
  • well funded
62
Q

What is bottom-up development?

A

Usually small in scale
- NGOs involved
- will consult local communities and ask what they need
-limited funding

63
Q

What are the types of aid?

A

BILATERAL AID
- given from 1 country to another

MULTILATERAL
- given from an IGO
- often involves loans

EMERGENCY AID
- short term aid to cope from natural disasters
- given from governments + NGOs

64
Q

What are the motives for aid?

A
  • genuine desire to improve human welfare
  • political ties
  • way to gain economic access for buisnesses and assit with trade deals
  • as a way to strengthen political alliances
65
Q

What is an example of using both bottom- up + top-down aid aid? HAITI

A

HAITI
- After 2010 earthquake high amounts of aid was received by Haiti
- Oxfam was initially focused on humanitarian work + then began to focus on reconstruction projects + growth projects ( Bottom-up)
- Us government donated billions for infrastructure rebuilding (top-up aid)
$10 billion was raised to help relief effort

66
Q

What concerns where there surrounding Haiti’s aid?

A

2 years after the earthquake 500,000 people were still living in temporary shelters
- foreign governments pledged $5.6 billion with the condition that it was spent within the first 18 months -> however on 40% has been spent
Haiti’s government + NGOs did not have the capacity to spend the money effectively
THIS WAS A FAILURE OF AID

67
Q

What was the Rwandian genocide?

A
  • around 700,00 died
  • US decided finanical cost of intervention was too high and so acted very late
  • although there were UN peacekeepers in Rwanada many decided to leave after the murder of 10 soliders
  • if they acted earlier 300,00 could have been saved
    Following this the right to protect was created in legislation (when is best to intervene)
68
Q

How was the IRAQ war justified?

A

2003
- was in part justified by a need to bring a democracy to the people of Iraq with the hope this would bring stability + prosperity

Life before the war:
- Sudan Hassein was in power (brutal leader, no freedom of speech, lots of torture/ kidnappings)
- strict sanctions meant Iraq was very isolated

69
Q

How did bad planning affect Iraq following the IRAQ war?

A

Iraqi people were not consulted on a new democratic systems - only exiles Iraqis
- new system created ethnic divides
- military was disbanded to prevent a power grab (milita groups then formed from angry ex-soliders -> went on to form ISIS)
- US cleared out all party members linked to Sudan Hassein -> no longer a functioning government, was badly managed + thousands become unemployed (no police, no education staff etc)

70
Q

Why has corruption flourished in a democratic Iraq?

A
  • no real voting system was implemented
  • state resources are syphoned away from the people -> money goes straight to politicians

-> oil was privatised during the US invasion -> state no longer receives money from oil

  • internal corruption is major barrier to developments
71
Q

Why does Iran look to destabilise a democratic Iraq?

A
  • US is involved in Iraq and Iran wants to fight this involvement + create a buffer zone to the US (proxy conflict)
  • Iran is run by Shia’s and they want Shia’s in power in Iraq as well ( funded by militants)
  • want Iraq weak enough to never pose a threat
72
Q

Future of Iraq

A

Al Sadar is growing in popularity -> very similar views to Sudan Hassein
- Iraq is a target of ISIS -> want to take over power
- militas have strongholds in political groups -> similar views
- violent protests have occured across the country - 600 killed

73
Q

How was the Iraq war justified?

A

Reasons for war:
- ‘help the oppressed people’ -> stop Sudan Hassein attacking his own people
- War on terror
- Preventing use of weapons of mass destruction

What was it really about?
- Invasion for oil -> western companies can now set up in Iraq (it was previously nationionlised)

74
Q

What is the Responsibility to Protect?

A

??

75
Q

Probelms with Responsibility to Protect?

A
  • the UN has failed to prevent action in any way using this
  • was set up to fail, veto cards prevent any policies getting through as everyone protects their allies
76
Q

What is the UN Security Council?

A

Consists of 15 members, including 5 permanent members with veto power (USA, UK, China, Russia, France) with 10 rotating members (representing each area of the world)

77
Q

What is a trade embargo?

A

restrictions on a specific country against the movement of goods or people.

An embargo is often against a country with controversial policies or who trade openly in dangerous good or weapons (UN or EU embargos are for the last reason)

78
Q

What is military aid?

A

Money, weapons or advice that is given to developing countries to help protect borders, fight terrorism

79
Q

What is the difference between direct military action and indirect military action?

A

DIRECT
- armed forces from one sovereign state engage in a conflict with another
- often done as part of a coalition e.g several states together

INDIRECT
- military equipment provided to another sovereign state

80
Q

What is military action?

A

As a last resort countries will look to either take direct military action
- whereby a country will directly attack another country or through indirect military action
- where a country will look to train individuals and support the military

81
Q

What is Amnesty International?
NGO

A

Founded in 1961
Headquarter in London
A mass-membership organisation funded by members + supporters that promotes direct military action such as protests + campaigns

82
Q

What is Human Rights Watch ?
NGO

A

Founded in 1978
Headquarters in New York
Largely funded by wealthy individuals
-> puts pressure on government to take action + intervene

83
Q

Why might there not be intervention from IGOs + NGOs even if the case for intervention is strong?

A
  • NGOs have little power to intervene
  • the UN has no military force of its own -> relies on member states to provide it
  • the geography of the location may make intervention hard
  • geopolitical considerations
    -> risk that intervention could lead to wider conflict
84
Q

What is development aid?

A

known as overseas aid this money (aid) given to developing countries to support long term economic, political + social development

85
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The legal right to govern a physical territory

86
Q

How do Western governments intervene indirectly to improve human rights?

A

they may offer aid to help economic + social development but attach conditions which seek to improve human rights
- may also do this is in trade negotiations

This can be seen as interfering with sovereignty though

87
Q

Why is the Niger Delta being exploited?

A
  • Nigeria earns $10n billion a year from oil (however there is mass corruption in Nigeria)
  • 2nd largest reserve in Africa
  • Oil is exported out the country to be refined as they don’t have the infrastructure to do it.
    So it’s refined in HICS -> so HIC gets richer -> TNCs don’t want refines in Nigeria
88
Q

What is the impact of oil extraction (environmental)?
NIGER DELTA

A

Oil spills are common + pollute groundwater, surface water + soil
Mangrove forests + rainforests are often burned/ damages
Burning of natural gas during oil extraction causes serious environmental + health problems
Delta Avengers -> criminal groups that drill into pipelines + steal oil are blamed by TNCs for environmental damage

89
Q

What is the impact of oil extraction (social)?
NIGER DELTA

A

70% of people in the Niger Delta live below poverty line
- 90 million live in extreme poverty

Local schools + hospitals are underfunded
Less than 20% of the region is accessible by good roads
Poor sanitation + pollution make access to clean water very hard

90
Q

How is the Niger Delta being exploited?

A

-TNCs such as Shell pay to access oil in the Niger Delta
-Shell then pay a tax on profits to NNPC (regulator + corporation company for Nigerian oil)
- So the NNPC earns money but also checks how it earns money
- Money ends up ‘going missing’ -> so public money is lost -> political elite + big TNCs get richer

91
Q

What are the outcomes in the Niger Delta?

A
  • NNPC, political elite + TNCs are becoming richer through corruption + loopholes
  • Since 2000, the Niger Delta has been plagued by violence with attacks on pipelines
  • More than 14,000 Nigerians took Shell to court in London to sue for damages caused by oil spills
    Shell lost the case + had to pay for damages
92
Q

What is Ebola?

A

Ebola is a serious infection found in parts of Africa
- caught by coming into contact with body fluids of an infected person/wild animal

93
Q

What is known about outbreaks of Ebola?

A

In 2014, 2200 people died from it
Outbreaks used to be rural however it then reached the border region in West Africa -> where many people cross border for work

  • Impacted areas have low literacy rates -> makes sense public health campaigns harder
    Out break was worse due to mistrust of doctors in some countries as well as a lack of healthcare spending by governments
94
Q

What aid was received for the Ebola outbreak?

A

-The WHO sent out teams of health workers to decide and manage cases of Ebola
- individual countries sent support such as building treatment centres
- longer development aid such as funding healthcare
- the campaign relied heavily on the US military to work with governments to build medical centres

THIS WAS A SUCCESS

95
Q

What human rights violations have occured in Zimbabwe?

A
  • protestors shot at
  • tanks driven into the capital city, were president was captured + replaced
  • significant human rights violations including unlawful killings, torture, punishment + prison
  • corrupt government with violations against political opponent’s
96
Q

What is the impact of the human rights violations in Zimbabwe for politics ?

A
  • 82% of government budget was allocated to government spending most of which was lost to corruption
  • political opponents are fired or killed when fighting against abused human rights
  • poverty levels are at 72%
97
Q

What is the impact of the human rights violations in Zimbabwe for the environment?

A
  • deforestation rates are increasing, most of this due to trees being cut down for firewood by the rural poor as they have no option for fuel
  • tobacco farming is increasing in % of exports
    -> this causes loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, water pollution etc
98
Q

Why has there been a lack of military action in Zimbabwe?

A
  • Zimbabwe is a former British colony which fought for its independence.
  • Neighbouring African states argue that President Mugabe is no threat to global peace.

-It’s unlikely that the UN Security Council would agree to military action

99
Q

Why is Timor- Leste in need of aid?

A
  • has struggled with instability + mass killings since gaining independence before it the was occupied by Indonesia
  • has also struggled with starvation over 2 decades
  • a 78% majority vote to become independent from Indonesia, miliats carried out attacks
100
Q

Is the Timor-Leste becoming more stable?

A
  • economy + infrastructure are improving
  • in 2006, an attempted coup occured by 400 deserting soldiers took place -> conflict went on for several months and ended with the resignation of the prime minister
  • conditions are still better

THERE WAS NO DEVELOPMENT AID OR INTERVENTION BY UN

101
Q

How do IGOs provide development aid?

A
  • provide loans and grants to help developing countries reduce poverty + increase economic growth
  • Loans, grants + credits awarded for various development projects (education, healthcare)

CONCERNS:
- Conditionality - they have to meet certain conditions
- Environmental damage -> may prioritise economic development over environmental

Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) - can lead to less spending on education/ healthcare
-> can be linked to Tanzania water case study

Geography (9 decks)

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