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Human Geography > 3.2.1.1 Globalisation > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define globalisation

A

The world becoming more interconnected politically, socially, environmentally and economically

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of globalisation?

A

Social, political, economic, cultural

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3
Q

How has globalisation had an economic effect?

A

TNC’s
- trade products internationally
- often outsource and offshore production in order to lower costs
Trade blocs
- creates economic integration between countries

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4
Q

How has globalisation had a political effect?

A

International organisations
- harmonise political relations globally (example is the UN)
Deregulation
- removal of state regulations
- allows markets to reach an international scale

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5
Q

How has globalisation had a cultural effect?

A

Westernisation
- western ideals dominating non western areas (e.g Starbucks in Asia)
Travelling internationally
- people are exposed to different cultures

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6
Q

How has globalisation had a social effect?

A

International immigration
- creates multicultural societies
Networks
- media allows people to communicate with each other around the world
Global NGO’s
- improve health and education around the world (e.g the WHO)

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7
Q

What is a globalised society?

A

The idea that almost everyone is influenced by another country or other people

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8
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of globalisation?

A

Capital, labour, products, services, information

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9
Q

What are flows of capital

A

The movement of money for the purpose of investment

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10
Q

What are flows of labour?

A

The movement of workers, who moved to another country for work 

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11
Q

What is the flow of products?

A

The movement of physical product from one country to another 

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12
Q

What is the flow of services?

A

Footloose industries where the services provided can be in a different country to where the services are received 

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13
Q

What are flows of information?

A

Come through through many forms, such as news, social media or messages 

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14
Q

What are the four main groups within flows of capital?

A

Core regions, periphery regions, the IMF, the world bank 

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15
Q

What are core regions?

A

Wealthy more developed countries that therefore have more power

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16
Q

What are periphery regions?

A

Less wealthy, less developed countries that therefore have less power 

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17
Q

What is the world bank?

A

A global institution that provides disaster relief, or development loans

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18
Q

What is the IMF?

A

International corporation that aims to provide financial stability, economic growth, and a reduction of poverty around the world 

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19
Q

Describe the diagram for the flows of capital

A
  • The World Bank provides, disaster relief and development loans to periphery regions
  • The IMF provides stability loans to periphery regions
  • periphery regions make repayments
  • Core regions provide loans to fund the IMF and the world bank
  • The IMF and the world bank make repayments to core regions
  • periphery regions make repayments to core regions through the repatriation of profits and migration
  • core regions make payments to periphery regions through bilateral aid, foreign direct investment and remittance payments
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20
Q

What are economic migrants?

A

People who have voluntarily moved for work, or to increase the quality of life

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21
Q

What are refugees?

A

People who have had to leave their country due to persecution and have been granted residence in another country

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22
Q

What are asylum seekers?

A

People who have had to leave their country and are seeking asylum in another country, whether there will become a refugee once they have been granted residence

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23
Q

Major flows of labour in Asia

A
  • largest flows of labour in the world
  • mainly stays within Asia
  • most move towards the west, where the countries are wealthier and there are better wages
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24
Q

Major flows of labour in Africa

A
  • The largest migrant population in Africa is in South Africa
  • southafrica also has the wealthiest African countries
25
Q

Major flows of labour in Europe

A

Largest number of international migrants in the world 

26
Q

Flows of labour for high skilled workers

A
  • Usually move to HIC’s because their is better pay
  • many countries rely on the flow of high skilled workers as the utilise their skills
27
Q

An example of flows of labour in the UK

A

For example, in the NHS, only 63% of workers were trained in the UK 

28
Q

Flows of labour for unskilled workers

A
  • also, mainly moved to HIC’s for the better wages
  • However there is a risk of overpopulation in these countries, and also the risk of the unskilled workers being exploited 
29
Q

What percentage of the worlds population are international migrants?

A

4% 

30
Q

How has globalisation impacted the flow of products?

A

Reached an international scale

31
Q

What was the flow of products like in the past?

A

Previously manufactured in HIC’s because they had the access to resources, and a lot of the goods were sold in the same country

32
Q

What are flows of products currently like?

A

Improvement in transport and communications has meant that a lot of products are manufactured in LIC, whether there are lower labour costs

33
Q

What does an increase in emerging economies mean for flows of products?

A

An increase in demand for products around the world

34
Q

What does a decrease in manufacturing in HIC’s result in?

A

A decrease in the secondary industry in HICS

35
Q

What has globalisation meant for the flow of services?

A

Services can be provided through the Internet, making it a footloose industry

36
Q

What are the two types of services?

A

High level and low level

37
Q

What a high-level services

A

Services that require more skill and usually training or qualification 

38
Q

Given an example of a high-level service

A

Financial services

39
Q

What are low-level services?

A

Services that require less skill and are not as important to consumers 

40
Q

Why are some workers in LIC working in low-level jobs when they have high-level skills?

A

The lack of high level services in LIC means that there is a lack of jobs for them so a lot of people with high-level skills are left to work in low-level services 

41
Q

Give an example of a low-level service

A

Call centres

42
Q

Give three ways information travels around the world

A

Social media, data and transfers and broadband

43
Q

How do companies create brand awareness?

A

Greeting a trademark or logo that is recognised around the world 

44
Q

How does brand awareness help to grow companies?

A

People assume that the popularity of the company equates to a good product

45
Q

Give an example of glocalisation

A

Kitkat adapting to Japan’s Collectibles culture by creating hundreds of different flavoured KitKat

46
Q

What types of countries dominate trade markets?

A

Developed countries

47
Q

Give 3 patterns of production around the world

A
  • NEE’s have the highest textile exports (China is highest)
  • HIC’s have the most automotive production
  • developed countries such as the EU and the USA export the most agriculture
48
Q

Patterns of consumption around the world

A
  • HIC’s import more than LIC’s because there is higher demand (and more disposable income)
  • the least developed countries have the least amount of imports
49
Q

How do financial systems affect globalisation?

A
  • countries borrow from and invest into other countries
  • countries invest into and take loans from global institutions such as the world bank
  • people from all over the world buy stocks from global corporations
50
Q

How does financial technologies affect globalisation?

A
  • global banks are able to communicate with all their branches
  • international banks - people can create offshore accounts
  • financial information is easily accessible all around the world, deepening connections between countries
51
Q

How does transporting goods affect globalisation?

A
  • containerisation means that more goods can be transported at once - so transport is cheaper
  • larger and faster aircraft’s mean that more goods can travel over a larger distance in a shorter amount of time
52
Q

How does transporting people affect globalisation?

A
  • high speed rails mean that people can travel between neighbouring countries for cheaper
  • also contributes to rural-urban migration in countries because they connect rural and urban areas
  • deregulation in the travel market means that it has become competitive, so there are now cheaper airlines that go to more destinations
  • improved airline technology means that travel times are also shorter
53
Q

How do security technologies and systems affect globalisation?

A
  • cyber security is becoming a global concern, since attacks can now originate from all over the world
  • global systems out in place to ensure security within countries - example is the UN Security Council
54
Q

How do communication technologies affect globalisation?

A
  • may increase migration since people have access to GPS and smartphones
  • can lead to an increase in flows of labour if people are aware that they can still communicate with family and friends when they’re in different parts of the world
55
Q

Give 4 examples of management and information systems

A

Economies of scale, supply chains, outsourcing, offshoring

56
Q

What are economies of scale and how does it affect globalisation?

A
  • producing goods and buying materials is cheaper in bulk, so money is overall saved in the long run
  • creating more goods means that more people around the world will receive it
57
Q

What are global supply chains and how do they affect globalisation?

A
  • stages of production occurring in different countries
  • saves money and time because each stage of production is specialised
58
Q

What is outsourcing and how does it affect globalisation?

A
  • hiring other companies to do certain tasks within the company
  • communications with the other companies (usually in HIC’s due to lower costs) means that they become interconnected
59
Q

What is offshoring and how does it contribute to globalisation?

A
  • relocating parts of the company to another country due to lower costs of production in LIC’s
  • communication between the headquarters and offshored parts contribute to globalisation

Human Geography (3 decks)

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