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RADIATION THERAPY > PRELIMS > Flashcards

PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

it is a wild, disorganized unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body

A

cancer

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2
Q

the use of radiation for therapeutic purposes began with the discovery of x-rays by _______ ________, a German physicist in 1895

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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3
Q

he is a Swedish pioneer of radiology and is credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in 1899

A

Thor Stenbeck

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4
Q

______ involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding normal tissues

A

surgery

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5
Q

________ is the use of drugs, taken by mouth or injected into a patient’s vein

A

chemotherapy

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6
Q

_______ _______ uses photons, electrons and other sources of radiation to deliver radiation treatment and destroy cancer cells

A

radiation therapy

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7
Q

he discovered natural radioactivity from Uranium in Paris, France on 1896

A

Henri Antoine Becquerel

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8
Q

1st xray cancer treatment of the breast in Chicago, USA

A

Emil Grubbe

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9
Q

treatment of Nevus with x-ray in Austria

A

Leopold Freund

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10
Q

it is a clinical specialty dealing with the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia

A

radiation therapy

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11
Q

radiation ________ is a clinical and scientific endeavor devoted to the management of patients with cancer and other neoplasm by ionizing radiation alone or combined with other modalities and to the investigation of application of radiation therapy and the training of personnel in the field

A

radiation oncology

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12
Q

________ ______ or on other occasions low voltage x-rays, are used to treat benign skin or superficial soft tissue disorders

A

electron therapy

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13
Q

can be performed for some malignant diseases and radiation therapy is delivered as a part of the procedure

A

bone marrow transplantation

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14
Q

can be performed on benign arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the brain that are surgically unresectable

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

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15
Q

a radiation beam comes from an outside source directed towards the tumor sites

machines used are either Cobalt 60 or a LINAC

A

external beam radiation therapy

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16
Q

involves the application of radioactive source directly to the tumor site

radioactive sources are Cobalt 60, Iridium 192, Cesium 137, Gold 198

A

brachytherapy

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17
Q

______ treatment is intended to cure the disease in which it is projected that the patient has a probability of surviving after adequate therapy

A

curative treatment

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18
Q

________ treatment is intended to relieve the distressing symptoms of advanced disease, in which there is no hope of the patient for surviving for extended periods

A

palliative treatment

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19
Q

in workflow, it is an initial multi disciplinary evaluation is performed which includes assessing the pathologic and clinical stage of disease, diagnostic tests, history and physical examination of the patient

A

clinical evaluation and consultation

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20
Q

in workflow, it is based on evaluation and consultation, treatment modality and treatment goals are selected

A

therapeutic decision

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21
Q

in workflow, immobilization devices are designed, field center and borders are aligned by fluoroscopy/lap lasers, treatment fields are documented by diagnostic quality radiographs

A

simulation

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22
Q

in workflow, tumor extent and potential areas of spread are defined, sensitive organs and tissues are identified

A

CT planning/target volume localization

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23
Q

in workflow, treatment technique is planned with the aid of dosimetry calculations and treatment planning devices

A

treatment planning

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24
Q

in workflow, actual delivery of radiation treatment either by external beam or brachytherapy

A

treatment

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25
Q

in workflow, patients are evaluated during and after treatment to assess tumor response and tolerance to treatment

A

evaluation and follow up

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26
Q

○ Advice about treatment options and consent for treatment
○ Target and normal tissue delineation
○ Prescription of radiotherapy
○ Planning review and approval
○ Patient follow up

A

radiation oncologist

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27
Q

○ Specification of equipment used in therapy and imaging
○ Facility design, including shielding calculations
○ Commissioning of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software
○ Dosimetry Assurance
○ Producing and measurement and beam data
analysis
○ Checking treatment plans
○ Quality assurance of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software
○ Designated Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

A

medical physicist

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28
Q

○ Patient information and support
○ Simulation
○ Planning
○ Producing and checking treatment plans
○ Data transfer and monitor unit calculations
○ Daily radiotherapy delivery
○ Treatment verification
○ Monitoring the patient on a daily basis

A

radiation therapy oncologist

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29
Q

○ Assist during brachytherapy procedures
○ Maintain aseptic technique
○ Taking vital signs during assessment of patient
○ Educating patient on proper care of wounds

A

oncology nurse

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30
Q

○ Cleans instruments, treatment and examination rooms
○ Prepares supplies, hospital forms and linens, etc
○ Prepares, assists patients for radiation
treatment
○ Retrieve and files patient charts

A

nursing attendant

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31
Q

all ______ is composed of small indivisible pieces which is called atom

A

matter

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32
Q

it is the smallest particle of a chemical compound that retains of all the chemical characteristics of that compound

A

molecules

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33
Q

the ancient Greeks envisioned four different atoms representing air, fire, earth and water

A

medieval

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34
Q

his description of atom is like a pair of hook and eye to account for chemical combination

A

John Dalton

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35
Q

his description of atom is like plum pudding, with the plums representing the electrons

A

JJ Thompson

36
Q

his description of atom is a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in precise energy levels

A

Niels Bohr

37
Q

first person to use the term atom

A

democritus

38
Q

atomos means ______

A

indivisible

39
Q

a physicist who is credited for discovering the electron

he used his research on cathode ray tube technology in this discovery

A

JJ Thomson

40
Q

he was not convinced about the model of the atom proposed by Thomson

he thus set up his now famous Gold Foil Experiment

A

Ernest Rutherford

41
Q

he was a revolutionary physicist who used Helsenberg’s uncertainty principle to come up with the atomic model that we still use today

A

Erwin Schrodinger

42
Q

○ Tiny and very light particles
○ Have a negative electrical charge
○ Revolve outside the nucleus at nearly the speed of light

A

electrons

43
Q

○ Much larger and heavier than electrons
○ Have a positive electrical charge
○ Located in the nucleus of an atom

A

protons

44
Q

○ Large and heavy like protons
○ Have no electrical charge
○ Located in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutrons

45
Q

it indicates the number of protons in the nucleus

A

atomic number

46
Q

it is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

atomic mass

47
Q

an electron ____________ is the way in which electrons are arranged in an atom

electrons are arranged in shells around an atom’s nucleus

A

electron arrangement

48
Q

_____ is the pathway followed by electrons in an atom’s nucleus

these are also called energy levels

A

shells

49
Q

the shell in the lowest energy is the _ shell

A

K shell

50
Q

the electron _______ _____ is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom, as the negatively charged electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positively charged nucleus

A

electron binding energy

51
Q

the most common unit of energy used to described radiation is _______ _____

A

electron volt

52
Q

an electron ______ is the amount of kinetic energy gained when accelerated through a potential difference of one volt

A

electron volt

53
Q

it is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium

A

radiation

54
Q

it is the process resulting in the removal of an electron from an atom, leaving the atom with a net positive energy

A

ionization

55
Q

nuclides which have the same number of protons

A

isotopes

56
Q

nuclides which have the same number of neutrons with different atomic mass number and atomic number

A

isotones

57
Q

nuclides with different elements which have the same atomic mass number but different atomic number

A

isobars

58
Q

nuclides with the same atomic number and the same mass number but different energy states

A

isomers

59
Q

_______________ radiation consists of photons that have energy, but no mass or charge

A

electromagnetic radiation

60
Q

a _____ is sometimes described as a packet of light

A

photon

61
Q

_________ radiation consists of particles that have mass and energy and may or may not have an electric charge

alpha particles
protons
beta particles
neutrons

A

particulate radiation

62
Q

an atom is ______ if the forces among the particles that makeup the nucleus are balance

A

stable

63
Q

an atom is ______ if these forces are unbalance, if the nucleus has an excess of internal energy

A

unstable/radioactive

64
Q

it refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability

A

radioactivity

65
Q

act of emitting radiation spontaneously

A

radioactivity

66
Q

as the nucleus emits radiation or disintegrates, the radioactive atom/radionuclide transforms to a different nuclide

A

radioactive decay

67
Q

spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus

A

radioactive decay

68
Q

a positively charged helium nuclei

A

alpha radiation

69
Q

is either electron or subatomic particles called positron

A

beta radiation

70
Q

occupy the highest level in electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun

A

gamma radiation

71
Q

is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources

A

neutron

72
Q

is a heavy, very short range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus

radium, radon, uranium, thorium

A

alpha radiation

73
Q

is a light, short range particle and is actually an ejected electron

can penetrate human skin to the germinal layer

strontium 90, carbon 14, tritium and sulfur 35

A

beta radiation

74
Q

are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation

are able to travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissues

iodine 131, cesium 137, cobalt 60, radium 226 and technetium 99m

A

gamma and x radiation

75
Q

the _____ ____ of a radioactive substance is the time interval required for a quantity of material to decay to half its original value

A

half life

76
Q

describes the amount of radiation traveling through the air

Roentgen (R) and Coulomb/kg (C/kg)

A

exposure

77
Q

describes the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, that is the amount of energy that radioactive sources deposit in materials through which they pass

rad and Gray (Gy)

A

absorbed dose

78
Q

refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a material

Curie (Ci) and Becquerel (Bq)

A

radioactivity

79
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, emission of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

occurs for those nuclides which have an atomic number greater than 82

A

alpha decay

80
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, neutron changes to a proton when the nucleus has an excess of neutrons

A

beta minus decay

81
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, proton changes to a neutron when the nucleus has an excess of protons

A

beta plus decay

82
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, the nucleus captures one of the orbital electrons which converts protons into neutrons

A

electron capture

83
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, one of the orbital electrons is captured by the nucleus and combines with a proton to form a neutron

A

electron capture

84
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, associated with alpha and beta decay that leaves the product nucleus in an excited stage

A

gamma decay

85
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, transfer of nuclear energy to an orbital electron, causing it to be ejected from the atom

A

internal conversion

86
Q

in modes of radioactive decay, a decay involving neither the emission nor the capture of the particle

A

isometric transition

RADIATION THERAPY (3 decks)

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