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GCSE AQA TRIPLE SCIENCE - Biology > GCSE AQA Biology - Topic 1 - CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

GCSE AQA Biology - Topic 1 - CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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2
Q

What type of cell are bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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3
Q

What type of cell is bigger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What 3 components do all eukaryotic cells have?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA stored in the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the equation to calculate magnification?

A

Magnification = observed image size/actual size

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6
Q

What is 2.34x105 when not in standard form?

A

234000

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7
Q

What is 2.34x10-5 when not in standard form?

A

0.0000234

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8
Q

What is 300000000m/s in standard form?

A

3x108m/s

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9
Q

What 5 organelles do most animal cells contain?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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10
Q

What extra organelles, aside from the animal organelles, do plant cells contain?

A

Chloroplasts, a vacuole and a cell wall.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To release energy through respiration

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To build proteins

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To keep the structure and support a plant cell

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14
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control what enters and leaves a cell

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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

To make food through photosynthesis, and contains chlorophyll

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16
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To control the cell activities and stores DNA

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17
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The site of cellular reactions

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18
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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19
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell which has adapted unique features to perform its function(DIFFERENTIATION)

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20
Q

What are sperm cells specialized for?

A

Reproduction

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21
Q

Why do sperm cells have a tail?

A

To allow them to swim

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22
Q

Why do sperm cells have mitochondria near their tail?

A

To release energy quickly to the site of movement

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23
Q

Why do sperm cells have an acrosome?

A

It contains digestive enzymes to digest through the eggs’ cell membrane

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24
Q

Why do sperm cells have a streamlined shape?

A

To help them swim efficiently

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25
Q

What are nerve cells specialized for?

A

Rapid Signalling

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26
Q

Why do nerve cells have a long axon?

A

To allow them to transmit an impulse quickly and to cover more distance

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27
Q

What are muscle cells specialized for?

A

Contraction

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28
Q

Why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria?

A

To release lots of energy needed for them to contract

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29
Q

Why do muscle cells line up in the same plane?

A

To increase the force they can produce

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30
Q

What are root hair cells specialized for?

A

Absorbing water and minerals

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31
Q

Why do root hair cells need a large surface area to volume ratio?

A

To increase the amount of water and nutrients that can move into the cell

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32
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.

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33
Q

How does water move into a root hair cell?

A

Via osmosis

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34
Q

Why do root hair cells have a large vacuole

A

To push mitochondria near to the cell membrane

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35
Q

Why do root hair cells have lots of mitochondria

A

Absorbing minerals through active transport requires energy.

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36
Q

What are Ploem and Xylem cells specialized for?

A

Transporting substances

37
Q

What adaptations do xylem cells have?

A

A tube of dead cells connected end to end, strengthened by lignin.

38
Q

What adaptation do sieve cells have?

A

Tubes arranged by sieve filaments and sieve plates to allow nutrients to flow.

39
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The specialisation of a cell

40
Q

When do cells differentiate in animals?

A

At an early stage in development

41
Q

When do cells differentiate in plants?

A

Throughout their life

42
Q

What is the function of cell division in mature animals?

A

Repair and replacement

43
Q

How have microscopes helped us to understand cells?

A

They have allowed us to see inside in much more detail

44
Q

How is an electron microscope different to a light microscope?

A

It has much higher magnification and resolution to see more detail inside a cell

45
Q

What is DNA coiled into?

A

Chromosomes

46
Q

Where do you find chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus

47
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA that codes for a trait or characteristic

48
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A series of stages in cell division

49
Q

What must happen to genetic material before a cell can divide?

A

It must be replicated (doubled)

50
Q

What happens to organelles inside the cell before division?

A

Their numbers are increased

51
Q

How many copies of each chromosome do you have before division?

A

2

52
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal body cell have?

A

23 pairs

53
Q

What happens in mitosis?

DONT INCLUDE IN PHYSICAL FLAHCARDS

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are then pulled to each end.

54
Q

How does the cell form 2 new cells?

DONT INCLUDE IN PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

A

The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide into two.

55
Q

What can be said about daughter cells after mitosis?

A

They are identical and contain the exactly the same DNA

56
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell

57
Q

What happens to stem cells in embryos?

A

They can become any cell

58
Q

What happens to stem cells in meristem in plants?

A

They differentiate into any type of plant cell

59
Q

What happens to adult stem cells in the bone marrow?

A

They become blood cells

60
Q

How can we use embryonic stem cells?

A

Clone them to make them differentiate into most different types of human cells

61
Q

What 2 examples of diseases could we treat with stem cells?

A

Diabetes and paralysis

62
Q

In therapeutic cloning, how do we stop the stem cells being rejected by the patient’s body?

A

We produce them with the same genes as the patient

63
Q

What problems are there with stem cells?

A

Possible transfer of viral infection and some ethical and religious objections

64
Q

What is a clone?

A

An identical copy

65
Q

How can we use cloning for rare species?

A

Save them from extinction

66
Q

How can we use cloning to protect plants?

A

Clone plants with special features such as disease resistance

67
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

68
Q

What gases diffuse in gas exchange?

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

69
Q

What waste product from cells do we excrete from our kidneys into our urine?

A

Urea

70
Q

How does a high concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

It speeds it up

71
Q

How does high temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Particles have more kinetic energy so it happens faster

72
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher surface area is more space for diffusion to occur

73
Q

Why do alveoli have a folded wall?

A

To increase surface area?

74
Q

Why are capillaries one cell in diameter?

A

To maintain the concentration gradient

75
Q

Why are alveoli moist?

A

So that gases diffuse more readily

76
Q

What three things affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, surface area and temperature.

77
Q

Why do single celled organisms not need lungs?

A

They have a large surface area:volume ratio so can get everything through diffusion

78
Q

How do you calculate surface area:volume ratio?

A

Work out surface area and volume and identify the ratio between them.

79
Q

How are the small intestine adapted?

A

Microvilli increase surface area, they have lots of capillaries

80
Q

How are roots adapted for diffusion?

A

They have a very large surface area from hair like extensions

81
Q

How are gills adapted for diffusion?

A

They have a huge surface area, and blood flows opposite to water to maintain a concentration gradient.

82
Q

What four things increase the rate of diffusion in organisms?

A

A large surface area, a thin membrane (short diffusion path), an efficient blood supply and (in animals) being ventilated.

83
Q

How do you calculate percentage loss/gain in mass of plant tissue?

A

Change in mass/initial mass x 100

84
Q

What does 20% sucrose solution tell you?

A

A solution is 20% sucrose (sugar) and 80% water

85
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient).

86
Q

What does active transport require that diffusion and osmosis do not?

A

Energy

87
Q

What is absorbed into roots through active transport?

A

Mineral ions

88
Q

What is absorbed through active transport in the intestines?

A

Sugar

89
Q

Where is sugar used in the body?

A

In respiration

GCSE AQA TRIPLE SCIENCE - Biology (9 decks)

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