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26* > GCSE Biology Unit 3, 4 And 5 Flashcards: > Flashcards

GCSE Biology Unit 3, 4 And 5 Flashcards:

1
Q

What Does Phagocytosis Produce And How Does It Help Fight Infections?

A

A Cellular Process That Produces Phagocytes That Help Engulf Pathogens And Digest Them.

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2
Q

What Does Lymphocytes Produce And How Does It Help Fight Off Infection?

A

They Are White Blood Cells Involved In Immune Processes In Your Body Which Creates Specific Antibodies Which Destroy Pathogens. This Process Can Take A Lot Of Time So If You Are Infected Again In That Time The Lymphocytes Ensure The Anti-Body Production Is Much Faster.

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3
Q

Define Antigen.

A

Molecules, (Often Proteins) On The Outer Surface Of The Cell That Trigger A Specific Immune Response.

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4
Q

Define Pathogen.

A

Small Microorganisms That Can Cause Disease, Virus, Infection Or Protists, Which Can Affect Plants, Animals Or Humans.

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5
Q

Define Antibodies.

A

A Type Of Protein Produced By A Type Of White Blood Called Lymphocytes. Helps Fight Off Infection.

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6
Q

What Is The Difference Between Anti Bodies And Anti Toxins?

A

Anti Bodies Are Produced To Specifically Neutralize Pathogens Whereas Anti Toxins Are Produced To Specifically Neutralize Toxins Produced By Pathogens.

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7
Q

How Do White Blood Cells Identify Pathogens?

A

By The Different Proteins On Their Surfaces.

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8
Q

What Prevents Pathogens From Entering The Nose?

A

Nasal Hairs, Mucus And Cilia Prevent Pathogens From Entering Through The Nostrils.

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9
Q

How Does The Bronchus And Trachea Prevent Pathogens From Entering There?

A

The Trachea And Bronchus Are Lined With Mucus To Trap Dust And Pathogens. This Mucus Filled With Trapped Dust And Pathogens Then Moves Upwards To The Throat By The Cilia To Be Swallowed.

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10
Q

How Does Stomach Acid Kill Pathogens?

A

Stomach Acid pH1, (Extremely Acidic) Would Then Kill The Ingested Pathogens.

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11
Q

How Does Skin Prevent Pathogens From Entering The Human Body?

A

Skin Is A Waterproof Barrier Which Makes It Hard For Pathogens To Go Through. The Sweat Glands In Our Skin Produce Oil Which Can Kill Microbes.

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12
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Measles?

A

Pathogen:
Virus
Symptoms:
Fever, Red, Skin Rash.
Method Of Transmission:
Droplet Infection From Coughs And Sneezes.
Control Of Spread:
Vaccination As A Child.

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13
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For HIV?

A

Pathogen:
Virus.
Symptoms:
Initially Flu Like Symptoms Can Cause Serious Damage To The Immune System.
Method Of Transmission:
Sexual Conduct And Exchange Of Body Fluids.
Control Of Spread:
Anti-Retroviral Drugs And Use Of Condoms.

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14
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Tobacco Mosaic?

A

Pathogen:
Virus.
Symptoms:
Mosaic Pattern On Leaf.
Method Of Transmission:
Enters Via Wounds In Epidermis Caused By Pests.
Control Of Spread:
Remove Infected Leaves And Control The Pests That Damage The Leaves.

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15
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Salmonella?

A

Pathogen:
Bacteria.
Symptoms:
Fever, Cramp Diarrhea, Vomiting.
Method Of Transmission:
Food Prepared In Unhygienic Conditions, Or Not Cooked Properly.
Control For Spread Of Salmonella:
Vaccinate Poulterer, Wash Hands, Improve Hygiene.

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16
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Gonorrhea?

A

Pathogen:
Bacteria.
Symptoms:
Green Discharge From Penis Or Vagina.
Method Of Transmission:
Direct Sexual Conduct Or Exchange Of Body Fluids.
Control For Spread For Gonorrhea:
Use Condoms, Treatment Using Antibiotics.

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17
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Malaria?

A

Pathogen:
Protists.
Symptoms:
Reoccurring Fever.
Method Of Transmission:
By An Animal Vector, (Mosquitoes).
Control For Spread For Malaria:
Prevent Reproduction Of Mosquitoes.
. Use Of Nets To Prevent Mosquitoes Bites.

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18
Q

State The Pathogen, Symptoms, Method Of Transmission And Control Of Spread For Gonorrhea?

A

Pathogen:
Fungus.
Symptoms:
Purple Black Spots On Leaves.
Method Of Transmission:
Spores Carried Via Wind Or Water.
Control For Spread For Rose Black Spot:
Remove Infected Leaves.
Spray With Fungicide.

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19
Q

State A Physical, Mechanical And Chemical Way Plants Defend Themselves From Pathogens And Animals.

A

Physical - Thick Waxy Layers, Cell Walls Stop Pathogen Entry.
Mechanical- Thorns Curling Up Leaves To Prevent Being Eaten.
Chemical- Antibacterial And Toxins Are Made To Help Destroy Pathogens.

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20
Q

Where Do Viruses Live And What Do They Do?

A

They Live And Reproduce Inside Cells Causing Major Damage.

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21
Q

What Are Viruses And Examples Of Them?

A

DNA Or RNA Surrounded By A Protein Coat.
E.G. Ganorrhea
. HIV.
. Salmonella.

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22
Q

What Is Bacteria, (Prokaryotic) And Examples Of It?

A

No Membrane Bound Organisms: No Nucleus, No Chloroplasts, No Mitochondria. Single Celled Organisms.
E.g. Salmonella.
. Ganorrhea.

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23
Q

What Are Protists, (Eukaryotic) And Examples Of It?

A

Simple Eukaryotic Plants That Are Neither Plants, Nor Animals, Nor Fungi.
E.g. Tiredness.
. Sickness.
. Malaria.

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24
Q

What Is Fungi, (Eukaryotic) And Examples Of It?

A

Membrane Bound Organelles, Cell Wall Made Of Chitin, Single Celled Or Multi-Cellular.
E.g. Athletes Foot.
. Thrush.
. Black Spot.

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25
Q

Why Do Plants Need Magnesium Ions And Nitrate Ions?

A

Magnesium Ions- Plants Need Chlorophyll- Not Enough Leads To Chorosis And Leaves Turn Yellow.
Nitrate Ions- Needed For Protein Synthesis- Lack Of Nitrate Equals Stunted Growth.

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26
Q

Which Plant Is Digitalis Extracted From And What Is It Used For?

A

Extracted From Foxglove Plants And Used As A Heart Drug.

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27
Q

What Is Aspirin And Where Was It First Found?

A

A Painkiller And Anti-Inflammatory First Found In Willow Bark.

28
Q

Who Discovered Penicillin And What Is It Used For?

A

Discovered By Alexander Fleming From The Penicillin Mould And It’s Used As An Antibiotic.

29
Q

Define Efficacy, Toxicity And Dose.

A

Efficacy- Make Sure That The Drug Works.
Toxicity- Check That The Drug Is Not Poisonous
Dose- The Most Suitable Amount Of The Drug To Take..

30
Q

What Are The 4 Stages Of Drug Testing?

A

Step 1- Healthy Volunteer Tries A Small Dose Of The Drug To See If It Is Safe And Any Side Effects Are Recorded.
Step 2- A Small Number Of Patients Try The Drug At A Low Dose To See If It Works.
Step 3- A Large Number Of Patients Try Different Doses To Try And Find The Optimum Dose.
Step 4- A Double Blind Trial Will Occur And The Patients Will Be Divided Into Different Small Groups Some Will Be Given A Drug And Some Will Be Given A Placebo.

31
Q

What Are Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Identical Copies Of One Particular Antibody.

32
Q

What Happens When Bacteria Mutates?

A

The Patient Will Sometimes Be Resistant To Antibiotic Drugs.

33
Q

Define Mutation.

A

A Change In Gene Or Chromosome.

34
Q

What Do Antibiotics Do And Give An Example.

A

Kill Infective Bacteria Inside The Body- Specific Bacterial Infections Require Specific Antibiotic Treatment. E.g. Penicillin.

35
Q

What Do Painkillers And Other Medications Do And State An Example.

A

They Treat The Symptoms Of A Disease But Don’t Kill The Actual Pathogens Themselves.
E.g. Aspirin.

36
Q

Why Is It Difficult To Develop Drugs That Kill Viruses That Don’t Harm The Body’s Tissues?

A

Because Viruses Live And Reproduce Inside Cells.

37
Q

What Do Vaccines Contain?

A

Small Amount Of Dead Or Inactive Form Of The Pathogen Of The Virus Your Trying Not To Get.

38
Q

How Does Infection By Pathogen Help Fight Off Viruses?

A

White Blood Cells Detect Pathogens In The Vaccine, Antibodies Are Then Released Into The Blood.

39
Q

How Does Re-Infection By The Same Pathogen Help Fight Off Viruses?

A

White Blood Cells Can Detect Pathogens. As A Result, Antibodies Are Made Much Faster And In Larger Amounts.

40
Q

In Which Ways Can Monoclonal Antibodies Be Used?

A
  1. Diagnosis.
  2. Detecting Pathogens.
  3. Detecting Molecules.
  4. Treatment.
41
Q

How Can Monoclonal Antibodies Be Used Through Antibodies?

A

E.g Pregnancy Test Can Be Used To Measure The Level Of Hormones.

42
Q

How Can Monoclonal Antibodies Be Used Through Detecting Antibodies?

A

Can Detect Very Small Amounts Of Chemicals In The Blood,

43
Q

How Can Monoclonal Antibodies Be Used Through Detecting Molecules?

A

Fluorescent Dye Can Be Attached So It Can Be Seen Inside Cells Or Tissues.

44
Q

How Can Monoclonal Antibodies Be Used Through Treatment?

A

Bound To Radioactive Substance, Toxic Drug Or Chemical Cancer Cells Are Targeted To Normal Body Cells Are Unharmed.

45
Q

Define Placebo.

A

An Inactive Substance That Looks Identical To The New Drug Being Tested But Contains No Active Ingredients.

46
Q

What Is A Double Blind Trial?

A

When The Patients Or Scientists Do Not Know Who Receives The New Drug Or The Placebo Until The Last Trial.- This Removes Any Bias.

47
Q

What Do Preclinical Trials Require?

A

Cells, Tissues And Live Animals.

48
Q

State The 5 Stages Of A Preclinical Trial.

A
  1. A Mouse Is Injected With A Pathogen.
  2. Lymphocytes Produce Antibodies.
  3. Lymphocytes Are Removed From The Mouse And Fused With Rapidly Dividing Mouse Tumor Cells.
  4. The New Cells Are Called Hybridomas.
  5. The Hybridomas Then Divide Rapidly And Release Antibodies Which Are Then Collected.
49
Q

Define Hybridomas.

A

Monoclonal Antibodies That Are Made By Fusing A Specific Type Of Cell Called A B-Cell With A Cancerous Cell Called A Myeloma Cell.

50
Q

Define Lymphocytes.

A

A Type Of White Blood Cell Involves In The Specific Immune Response.

51
Q

What Is The Cause Affect And Treatment For Coronary Heart Disease?

A

Cause:
A Build Up For Fatty Substances In The Coronary Arteries.
Affect:
Oxygenated Blood Can Not Get To The Coronary Muscle.
Treatment:
. Stents Inserted Into The Blocked Artery To Open It Up.
. Statins Taken To Help Lower The Cholesterol Levels In Your Blood.

52
Q

What Is The Cause, Affect And Treatment For Faulty Heart Valves?

A

Cause:
Valves Don’t Open Up Or Close Properly.
Affect:
Blood Can Leak Or Flow In The Wrong Direction.
Treatment:
. Biological Valve Transplant Or A Mechanical Valve Can Be Inserted.

53
Q

Define Benign Tumor.

A

Contained In One Area Of The Body, Membrane Is The Cause- Not A Cancer Though.

54
Q

What Happens When You Have A Malignant Tumor.

A

Your Tissues Are Invaded And Spread To Different Parts Of The Body To Form Secondary Tumors.

55
Q

Some Cancers Have A …

A

Genetic Risk.

56
Q

How Do Carnicogens And Ionizing Radiation Increase The Risk Of Tumor?

A

By Changing/Damaging DNA.

57
Q

What Are Some Risk Factors For Heart/Lung Disease And For Certain Types Of Cancer?

A

. Drinking Alcohol.
. Obesity.
. Smoking.

58
Q

Define Carnicogen.

A

Chemicals And Other Agents That Can Cause Cancer.

59
Q

Which Organ Produces Insulin?

A

The Pancreas.

60
Q

How Are Monoclonal Antibodies Produced To Help Treat Diseases?

A

They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen (the molecules that are found on the surface of pathogens) so they are able to target specific cells. For example, monoclonal antibodies can be produced which bind specifically to the HIV antigen.

61
Q

How Does A Vaccine For HIV Prevent A Person From Developing It?
(This Works For Any Other Disease Too)

A

A vaccination basically injects an inactive form of a pathogen into the body. This will activate an immune response and antibody production, which means that memory cells are made. This protects the individual in case the real pathogen enters the blood again. Vaccinations use inactive or dead pathogens.

62
Q

How Do Infectious Diseases Like HIV Spread?

A

Contagious diseases (such as the flu, colds, or strep throat) spread from person to person in several ways. One way is through direct physical contact, like touching or kissing a person who has the infection. Another way is when an infectious microbe travels through the air after someone nearby sneezes or coughs.

63
Q

How Does Mitosis Produce Two Genetically Identical Cells?

A

Mitosis is used to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells. The cell copies - or ‘replicates’ - its chromosomes, and then splits the copied chromosomes equally to make sure that each daughter cell has a full set.

64
Q

Which Chemical Can Be Used To Check For Protein?

A

Biuret Reagent.

65
Q
A

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