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Human Histology > Specialized Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Specialized Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

It includes a number of different tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substance.

A

Specialized Connective Tissue

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2
Q

What are the different Specialized Connective Tissues?

A
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Bones
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
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3
Q

A connective tissue in which fat-storing cells predominate.

A

Adipose Tissue

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4
Q

The fat-storing cells are called _________.

A

Adipocytes

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5
Q

Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in men.

A

15-20%

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6
Q

Adipose tissue normally represents _______ of the body weight in women.

A

> 20%

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7
Q

Two Types of Adipose Tissue

A
  • White Adipose Tissue
  • Brown Adipose Tissue
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8
Q

These are very large cells derived from mesenchyme, and is specialized for energy storage.

A

Adipocytes

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9
Q

White adipocytes have a diameter of ________.

A

50-150 um

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10
Q

Adipocytes are _______, meaning they contain 1 large lipid droplet.

A

Unilocular

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11
Q

Because adipocytes are unilocular, what happens to its nucleus and cytoplasm?

A

They are pushed against the plasma lemma.

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12
Q

White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal male adults.

A

20%

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13
Q

White adipose tissue comprises _______ of total body weight in normal female adults.

A

25%

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14
Q

White adipose tissue is distributed throughout the body, particularly in the __________.

A

Deep layers of the skin

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15
Q

White adipose tissue are specialized for ___________.

A

Long-term energy storage

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16
Q

White adipocytes can store triglycerides derived from three sources ____________.

A
  1. Dietary fats as Chylomicrons
  2. Lipids synthesized in the liver
  3. Free FAs and glycerol
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17
Q

Brown adipose tissue comprises _______ of a newborn’s body weight.

A

5%

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18
Q

It contains many small lipid droplets containing many mitochondria and a central nucleus.

A

Brown Adipose Tissue

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19
Q

Describe the lipid droplets of white adipose tissue?

A

Unilocular, large

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20
Q

Describe the lipid droplets of brown adipose tissue?

A

Multilocular, small, has many mitochondria and a central nucleus

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21
Q

Brown adipose tissue is specialized for _________.

A

Generation of heat or body temperature regulation

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22
Q

This protein serves to uncouple mitochondrial metabolism from production of ATP to produce heat.

A

Uncoupling Protein (UCP1)

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23
Q

UCP1 is also known as _______.

A

Thermogenin

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24
Q

Where is UCP1 utilized?

A

Brown Adipose Tissue

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25
Q

A tough and resilient type of connective tissue that structurally supports softer tissues.

A

Cartilage

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26
Q

It provides cushion and low-friction surfaces in the joints.

A

Cartilage

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27
Q

Cartilage is ________.

A

Avascular

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28
Q

How do chondrocytes get nutrients?

A

By diffusion from the capillaries of the perichondrium

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29
Q

Cartilage ECM contains _____________.

A

Collagen, abundant amount of proteoglycans (aggrecan)

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30
Q

__________ bind to a large amount of water.

A

Proteoglycans (aggrecan)

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31
Q

3 Major Forms of Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Elastic Cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
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32
Q

These are the cells of the cartilage which synthesizes and maintains all ECM components.

A

Chondrocytes

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33
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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34
Q

A sheath of dense connective tissue which surrounds cartilage in most places.

A

Perichondrium

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35
Q

It harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component.

A

Perichondrium

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36
Q

What kind of tissue does a perichondrium have?

A

Dense Connective Tissue

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37
Q

It is the most common cartilage, which consists type II collagen and aggrecan complexes with bound water.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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38
Q

How would you describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage?

A

Semitransparent, and homogenous

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39
Q

Hyaline cartilage is rich in what?

A

Type II collagen and aggrecan complexes

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40
Q

Describe the ECM of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Homogenous
  • Glassy
  • Less collagen
  • More proteoglycans
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41
Q

It provides flexible support for the external ear as well as the walls of the external auditory canal, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, and larynx.

A

Elastic Cartilage

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42
Q

It provides very tough, and strong support at tendon insertions, pubic symphyses, intervertebral discs, and certain joints.

A

Fibrocartilage

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43
Q

Fibrocartilage contains varying combinations of ____________.

A

Hyaline Cartilage and Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
Perichondrium is present in fibrocartilage.

A

False

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45
Q

Cartilage form from embryonic mesenchyme through the process called __________.

A

Chondrogenesis

46
Q

Cartilaginous structures grow by mitosis of existing chondroblasts in lacunae through the process of ___________.

A

Interstitial Growth

47
Q

The formation of new chondroblasts peripherally from progenitor cells in the perichondrium is called ___________.

A

Appositional Growth

48
Q

Why is the repair or replacement of injured cartilage slow or ineffective?

A

Because it is avascular and it has a low metabolic rate

49
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  • Solid Support
  • Protection
  • Site for Hematopoiesis
  • Repository for Ions
  • Locomotion
50
Q

They synthesize osteoid and mediate its mineralization.

A

Osteoblasts

51
Q

The inactive form of osteoblasts which assists in nutrition of the bone.

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

These are phagocytic cells which are capable of eroding bone. They are important in the constant turnover and refashioning of bone.

A

Osteoclasts

53
Q

It is the intracellular substance of the bone that makes up most of the bone mass.

A

Bone Matrix

54
Q

Two Types of Material in the Bone Matrix

A

Inorganic and Organic

55
Q

_____ of the dry weight of bone matrix came from inorganic materials.

A

50%

56
Q

It makes up 90% of the organic material in the bone matrix.

A

Type I Collagen

57
Q

Calcium hydroxyapatite, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and calcium phosphate are examples of ___________.

A

Inorganic Materials

58
Q

Proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, osteonectin, and osteocalcin are examples of ________.

A

Organic Materials

59
Q

A layer of dense connective tissue on the external surface of the bone, bound to the bone matrix by bundles of type I collagen.

A

Periosteum

60
Q

The bundles of type I collagen fibers that binds periosteum to the bone matrix is called __________.

A

Perforating or Sharpey Fibers

61
Q

It is a thin layer of active and inactive osteoblasts, which lines all the internal surfaces within the bone.

A

Endosteum

62
Q

It is a dense bone beneath the periosteum.

A

Compact or Cortical Bone

63
Q

Compact bone makes up _________ of the total bone mass.

A

80%

64
Q

It makes up the remaining 20% of the total bone mass.

A

Cancellous or Spongy Bone

65
Q

Organization of Bone

A
  • Woven Bone (Immature)
  • Lamellar Bone (Mature)
66
Q

Types of Bone

A

Compact and Cancellous Bone

67
Q

It is non-lamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone to appear in embryonic development.

A

Woven Bone

68
Q

Woven bone are temporary and replaced in adults by lamellar bone, except in a few places like _________.

A
  • Sutures of Calvaria
  • Tendon Insesrtions
69
Q

Most bone in adults, is organized as __________,

A

Lamellar Bone

70
Q

What do you call the layers in an osteon?

A

Lamellae

71
Q

Lamellae is organized concentrically around small central canals containing blood vessels ,etc., and is also called as ___________

A

Haversian System or Osteons

72
Q

The process of bone development or formation.

A

Osteogenesis

73
Q

It occurs within ‘membranes’ of condensed primitive mesenchymal tissue. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which begin synthesis and secretion of osteoid at multiple centres ofossification.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

74
Q

Bones of the skull, jaw, scapula, and clavicle are formed via _________.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

75
Q

The ossification takes place within hyaline cartilage, shaped as a small version, or model, of the bone to be formed.

A

Endochondral Ossification

76
Q

It is a method of bone formation that permits functional stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth.

A

Endochondral Ossification

77
Q

It forms most bones of the body and is especially well studied in developing long bones.

A

Endochondral Ossification

78
Q

The shaft of the bone is called _______.

A

Diaphysis

79
Q

Diaphysis is made up of __________.

A

Compact Bone

80
Q

Diaphysis is filled with ________.

A

Yellow Marrow

81
Q

The ends of the bone is called ________.

A

Epiphysis

82
Q

Epiphysis is made up of _________.

A

Spongy Bone

83
Q

The growing part of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis is called _________.

A

Metaphysis

84
Q

The hyaline cartilage found on the ends of a long bone is called ________.

A

Articular Cartilage

85
Q

It involves both the continuous resorption of bone tissue formed earlier and the simultaneous laying down of new bone at a rate exceeding that of bone removal.

A

Bone Growth

86
Q

The rate of bone formation by osteoblasts _______ the rate of bone resorption by osteoclasts.

A

Exceeds

87
Q

The process when bones change size and shape according to changes in mechanical stress.

A

Bone Remodeling

88
Q

It involves the activation of periosteal fibroblasts to produce an initial soft callus of fibrocartilage-like tissue.

A

Bone Repair

89
Q

Blood vessels torn within the fracture release blood that clots to produce a large fracture __________.

A

hematoma

90
Q

Hematoma is gradually removed by macrophages and replaced by a soft fibrocartilage-like mass called _______ tissue. If torn by the break the periosteum reestablishes its continuity over this tissue.

A

procallus

91
Q

The procallus is invaded by regenerating blood vessels and proliferating osteoblasts. In the next few weeks the fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by _______ that forms a hard callus throughout the original area of fracture.

A

woven bone

92
Q

The woven bone is then remodeled as __________ in continuity with the adjacent uninjured areas and fully functional vasculature is reestablished.

A

compact and cancellous

93
Q

These are places where bones meet, or articulate to allow the potential of bending or movement.

A

Joints

94
Q

Joints with very limited or no movement are called __________.

A

Synarthroses

95
Q

Joints that are freely mobile are called _________.

A

Diarthroses

96
Q

Major Subtypes of Synarthroses

A
  • Synostoses
  • Syndesmoses
  • Symphyses
97
Q

It involves bones linked to other bones and allow essentially no movement.

A

Synostoses

98
Q

These are joint bones by dense connective tissue only.

A

Syndesmoses

99
Q

It has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones.

A

Symphyses

100
Q

Skull bones are example of _________.

A

Synostoses

101
Q

Tibiofibular joint and sacroiliac joints are examples of ________.

A

Syndesmoses

102
Q

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are examples of _________.

A

Symphyses

103
Q

These are synarthroses in the vertebral column which cushion adjacent vertebrae.

A

Intervertebral Discs

104
Q

The outer layer of the intervertebral discs is called ________.

A

Annulus Fibrosus

105
Q

The inner core of the intervertebral discs is called ________.

A

Nucleus Pulposus

106
Q

A joint cavity filled with lubricant synovial fluid, enclosed within a tough, fibrous articular capsule.

A

Diarthroses

107
Q

The ends of the bones involved in diarthroses joint are covered with __________.

A

Hyaline Articular Cartilage

108
Q

The hyaline articular cartilage that covers the joint allow __________.

A

Free movement

109
Q

Two Specialized Cells of Synovial Membrane

A
  • Macrophage-like Synovial Cell
  • Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell
110
Q

It removes wear and tear debris from synovial fluid.

A

Macrophage-like Synovial Cell

111
Q

It synthesizes hyaluronan which moves into the synovial fluid with water from local capillaries to lubricate and nourish the articular cartilage.

A

Fibroblast-like Synovial Cell

Human Histology (12 decks)

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