lecture 5 -parenting styles

Question 1

diana baumrind
-famous for

Answer 1

-clinical psychologist famous for defining parenting styles
-work with ethics in psycholgy
-and for warmth vs control concept

Question 2

dimensions of parenting
-(baumrind ,1991, gray and steinberg 1999)

Answer 2

-acceptance - amount of emotional warmth directed and acceptance of the child

-strictness of supervision- how much control is exerted over the child behaviour? how is control exerted? a reasonable amount given the situation?

autonomy giving -is the child given the appropriate level of autonomy

Question 3

parenting style across the dimensions
-authoritative

Answer 3

-acceptance- involvement
:high level of acceptance
-genuinely involved in child’s life in a warm caring way

strictness of supervision
-is high
-makes appropriate and consistent demands
-fosters self control through discipline

autonomy giving
-high autonomy
-child encouraged to make own decisions
-able to discuss disagreements and resolve them through discussions

Question 4

-consequences of authoritative parenting style
-in early and middle childhood
-in late childhood/ adolescence

Answer 4

in early and middle childhood
-well tempered, cooperative
-good self control and persistent

late childhood and adolescence
-good academic progress
high levels of maturity
-high self esteem

Question 5

parenting styles across dimensions
-authoritarian

Answer 5

acceptance-involvement
-low acceptance
-cold and rejecting of the child

strictness of supervision
-high strictness
-coercive in nature, coercive discipline with little explanation (because I say so)
-uses behavioural and psychological control

autonomy giving
-low autonomy giving
-child’s life heavily controlled, with little input from child

Question 6

consequences of authoritarian parenting style

Answer 6

early and middle childhood
-reported to be anxious and unhappy during these years
-low self esteem and self reliance (maybe because they weren’t given autonomy as a child)
-tend to ‘act out’ (externalise) when frustrated

late childhood and adolescence
-poor academic performance (maybe because of not having secure base)
-tend to be well behaved in late childhood
-

Question 7

permissive parenting style across dimensions

Answer 7

acceptance-involvement
-high acceptance
-warming and accepting of the child
-too indulgent

strictness of supervision
-low strictness
-little direct control exerted of the child

autonomy giving
-high autonomy giving
-child allowed to make decisions that they are not mature enough to make

Question 8

consequences of permissive parenting style
-in early childhood
-in late childhood

Answer 8

early to mid childhood
-lack of self control
-tends to be over dependent on adults
-low persistence

late childhood into adolescence
-defiant of authority figures (not used to being disciplined)
-increased anti social behaviour
-poor school performance

Question 9

uninvolved parenting style across dimensions
-added more recently

Answer 9

acceptance - involvement
-low acceptance
-emotional withdrawn and distant
-verging on neglect

strictness of supervision
-low strictness
-little or no direct control of the child

autonomy giving
-high autonomy giving
-uninterested in child’s viewpoint

Question 10

consequences of uninvolved parenting style

Answer 10

early and middle childhood
-low social skills
-poor academic performance
-attachment problems

late childhood and adolescence
-poor emotional self control
-increased anti social behaviour
-poor school performance

Question 11

what is so good about authoritative parenting
-provide ____ models of social and emotional competence
-foster self esteem and responsibility through
-children comply…
-inductive discipline
-supporting parenting can buffer the effect of…..

Answer 11

-authoritative parents provide good models of social and emotional competence (lindsay and mize 2000)

-they foster self esteem and responsibility through granting appropriate levels of autonomy (carlson 2000)

-children comply and internalise more with reasonable and fair discipline
-so called inductive discipline (hoffman 2000) explain why certain things are bad eg crossing the road instead of just saying i said so
-disapproval is most effective from an agent that shows warmth and caring

supportive parenting can ‘buffer’ the effect of adverse environmental factors conditions (poverty ,family stress)
-petit et al 1997 found that supportive parenting moderated the effect of adversity on school adjustment

Question 12

parenting style and attachment
-karavasilis et al 2003 study
findings

Answer 12

-investigated how the parenting children receive relates to their attachment to their mothers in middle childhood/adolescence

findings; positive associations between parenting style (warm parental involvement, behavioural monitoring, psychological autonomy granting) and secure attachment styles

negative associations between parenting styles and insecure attachment styles (less likely to have insecure attachment styles if they had a warm parenting style)

Question 13

psychological control
two crucial forms

Answer 13

-behavioural -behaviours that try to manage or control the child’s behaviour
-don’t do that you will hurt yourself

psychological
-refers to control attempts that intrude into the psychological and emotional development of the child

Question 14

psychological control examples

Answer 14

-constraiing verbal expressions: cutting off,changing the subject, dominating the conversation , asking leading questions

-invalidating feelings: discounting , misinterpreting the feelings of members of the family

personal attack : attack the worth of the place within the family of another family member, brought past events as evidence ‘ your naughty your sister wont want to play with you’

guilt induction
-pointing out that another behaviour had a negative emotional impact on another family member-guilt tripping

love withdrawal
-threat to withdraw love or attention if other family member did not do or become what the other expected

Question 15

consequences of psychological control / and behavioural

Answer 15

Psychological control predicts
* Internalising problems (depression)
* Externalising Problems (antisocial behaviour) (Barber, 1996)

• Behavioural control negatively related to same issues
• Combined with high affection, psychological control leads to problem behaviour in kindergarten children (Anunola & Nurmi, 2005)
• Psychological control of adolescent predicted levels Internal distress (Gray& Steinberg, 1999)

Question 16

talk about adolescence development in

-autonomy and
-emotional
-behavioural

-supportive parenting

-controlling or coercive parents

Answer 16

Characterised by the search for autonomy (Soenens et al., 2019)
* Emotional: Relying on oneself for guidance (de-idealising parents)
* Behavioural: Make own decisions based on informed judgement

Supportive parenting
* Foster autonomy but maintain parental monitoring of behaviour (Crouter & Head, 2002)

Controlling or coercive parents (Kim et al., 2001)
* Leads to a mutual escalation of conflict
* Can negatively impact on later social relationships outside the family

Question 17

adolescence ‘sturm and drang’

Answer 17

Early work
* Period characterised by conflict. (Freud …)

• Identity Crisis - adolescence as a period of identity crisis , people start to question identity and so on(Erikson 1968)*

However
* Rutter et al. (1976) found that 75% of adolescents report happy and peaceful relationships with parent
* Most of the other 25% were from families who had experienced difficulty before
* High intensity conflict “not the norm” in families with adolescents (Steinberg, 1990)
* Conflicts that do arise can be adaptive (Branje, 2018)

Question 18

adolescents and parents
-de idealisation
-attitudes

Answer 18

Parents have to adjust to “de-idealisation”
* Steinberg and Steinberg (1994) found that 40% of the parents of adolescents experienced:
* Lower self esteem
* Increased anxiety and depression

• May be down to the differences in attitudes to day to day conflicts
• Parent see conflicts as moral conflicts and are more negatively affect by them
• Adolescents see conflict as concerning personal choice and are less affected by them
• But – for parents, midlife changes and marital satisfaction had a larger influence on parental wellbeing than parent-adolescent conflict (Keresteš et al., 2012)