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health unit 3 > AOS 2: Promoting health and wellbeing > Flashcards

AOS 2: Promoting health and wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 diseases explored in ‘old’ public health?

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cancer
  • injuries and poisoning
  • infectious and parasitic disease
  • respiratory disease
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2
Q

3 reasons on why life expectancy has increased over time in Australian.

A
  1. Increase in knowledge, through medical research
  2. Development of medication
  3. Advancements in technology, through effective diagnosis and treatment
  4. Development of an accessible and equitable health system, through medicare and PBS
  5. Reorienting the focus of health care in Australia to preventative, health promotional strategies
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3
Q

What are four disease that have decreased overtime?

A
  • Infectious and Parasitic diseases
  • Cancer (Neoplasms)
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Injury and poisoning
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4
Q

Why has parasitic diseases declined since the early 20th century?

A

Infectious and parasitic diseases were the most common causes of death in Australia in the first part of the 20th century (13% of all deaths). Living conditions in this time period were very different— water and food supplies were often contaminated, public waste facilities were not well maintained, and this lead to an outbreak of man infectious and parasitic diseases.

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5
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Cardiovascular disease, or circulatory disease, refers to all diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including heart attack, stroke and high blood pressure.

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6
Q

What is respiratory disease and examples?

A

It refers to all diseases affecting the lungs and other parts of the body involved in breathing, including pneumonia, influenza, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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7
Q

what is old public health?

A

Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases

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8
Q

Three reasons to why old public health introduced?

A
  1. Poor living conditions
  2. Poor hygiene practices
  3. Waste littered the streets (rats and mice = bubonic plague)
  4. Dangerous working conditions
  5. Poor food safety
    Diseases such as Diarrhoea, Cholera, Measles, Smallpox
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9
Q

What are four policies and practices associated with old public health?

A
  • Garbage removal
  • Government funded water and sewerage systems
  • Quarantine laws
  • Elimination of housing slums and introduction of
    better-quality housing
  • The Pure Foods Act – to improve food hygiene
  • Improved working conditions
  • Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
  • Mass Vaccinations
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10
Q

what is biomedical model of health?

A

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.

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11
Q

what is the purpose of biomedical model of health?

A

To increase life expectancy, reduced death rates and improved infant mortality

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12
Q

what are three advantages of biomedical model of health?

A
  1. It creates advances in medical technology and research
    otherwise there would be relatively little knowledge about how to diagnose and treat illness.
  2. Many common problems can be effectively treated
  3. Extends life expectancy
  4. Improves quality of life and HALE:Many chronic conditions can be managed with medication, therapy or surgery, reducing pain and suffering.
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13
Q

what are three disadvantages of biomedical model of health?

A
  1. It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly.
  2. It doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing
  3. Not every condition can be treated.
  4. Affordability.
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14
Q

what is a ‘new’ public health?

A

New public health an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.

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15
Q

what is social model of health?

A

Social model of health an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

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16
Q

what are the 5 principles of social model of health? (IAREA)

A
  1. Involves intersectoral collaboration.
  2. Addresses the broader determinants of health.
  3. Empowers individuals and the community.
  4. Acts to reduce social inequities.
  5. Acts to enable access to healthcare
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17
Q

what does the ‘Involves intersectoral collaboration ‘ principle mean?

A

Having groups from many sectors (such as government, health and private sector) working together to achieve a common goal- particularly around sociocultural and physical environment factors

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18
Q

What does the ‘Addresses the broader determinants of health’ principle mean?

A

Behavioural determinants (e.g. tobacco smoking) are often influenced by other ‘broader’ determinants such as culture, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location and physical environment.

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19
Q

What does the ‘Empowers individuals and the community’ principle mean?

A

Allows people to participate in decision making around their health. Communities with more health knowledge and skills are more likely to engage in healthy behaviours

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20
Q

What does the ‘Acts to reduce social inequities’ principle mean?

A

The social model of health aims to reduce inequities that result from cultural, economic or geographical factors

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21
Q

What does ‘Acts to enable access to healthcare’ principle mean?

A

Providing access to healthcare means it must be readily available to everyone, simple to understand and takes into consideration aspects such as culture, gender and ethnicity.

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22
Q

What are three advantages of social model of health?

A
  1. It promotes good health and assists in preventing diseases
  2. It promotes overall wellbeing
  3. It is relatively inexpensive
  4. Education can be passed on from generation to generation
  5. The responsibility for health is shared
  6. It focuses on vulnerable population groups
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23
Q

What is The Ottawa Charter?

A

In response to the Social model of Health,The Ottawa Charter is a framework to guide Health Promotion Strategies

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24
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

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25
Q

What are three basic strategies for health promotion?

A
  1. enable
  2. meditate
  3. advocate
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26
Q

What is the ENABLE strategy for health promotion?

A

Reduce differences in health status between population groups by ensuring equal opportunities and resources are available to enable all people to achieve optimal health and wellbeing.

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27
Q

What is the MEDITATE strategy for health promotion?

A

The changes required to promote health and wellbeing include changes to funding, legislation and policies, and to the physical and sociocultural environment.

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28
Q

What is the ADVOCATE strategy for health promotion?

A

actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies in general to make the changes necessary to improve the factors that influence health and wellbeing

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29
Q

What are the 5 Ottawa Charter Action Areas?
Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats

A

B: Build Healthy Public Policy
C: Create Supportive Environments
S: Strengthen Community Action
D: Develop Personal Skills
R: Reorient Health Services

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30
Q

What is building healthy public policy?

A

Relates to decisions made by governments and organisations, and rules and regulations that encourages people to seek for more healthy decisions.

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31
Q

What is Create Supportive Environments?

A

A supportive enviroment is one that promotes health and wellbeing by being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable. Recongnises the impact that the broader determinants have on health status.

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32
Q

What is strengthen community actions?

A

Focuses on building the links between individuals and the community, and centres around the community working together to acheive a common goal.

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33
Q

What is develop a personal skill?

A

Refers to gaining health related knowledge and gaining life skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indriectly affect their health and wellbeing.

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34
Q

What is reorient health services?

A

Refers to reorienting (changing the direction of) the health system so that it promotes health and wellbeing as opposed to focusing only on diagnosing and treating illness, as is the case with the biomedical model. includes doctors taking on the role of educator

35
Q

what are the four focus of Australia’s Health casre systems?

A

Funding, sustainability, access, equity

36
Q

what is medicare?

A

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme that subsidises the cost of essential healthcare services

37
Q

who has access to medicare?

A

All Australian citizens, permanent residents and people from countries with a reciprocal agreement access to health care that is subsidised by the government.

38
Q

What are three services covered by medicare?

A

Out of hospital expenses:
1. Consultation fees for doctors ie. general practitioner.
2. Eye tests.
In hospital expenses:
1. While you are a patient in a public hospital, accomodation and treatment is covered, as long as it is medically necessary.
Others:
1. X-ray
2.

39
Q

What are three services not covered by medicare?

A
  1. Cosmetic or ‘unnecessary’ procedures.
  2. Treatment in a private hospital (will pay 75% of schedule fee).
  3. Most general dental examinations and treatments.
  4. Home nursing care or treatments.
  5. Ambulance services.
  6. Allied health services (health services provided by trained health professionals who are not doctors, dentists or nurses. Examples include services provided by physiotherapists, psychologists and occupational therapists)
  7. Health related aids e.g. glasses, prosthetic limbs.
40
Q

what is schedule fee?

A

It is the amount that medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments.

41
Q

What is bulk billing?

A

Is when the doctor or specialist charges only the schedule fee. The government pays the GP directly, with no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.

42
Q

What is patient co payment?

A

The payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.

43
Q

What are three things that medicare does not cover?

A
  1. Cosmetic or ‘unnecessary’ procedures.
  2. Treatment in a private hospital (will pay 75% of schedule fee).
  3. Health related aids e.g. glasses, prosthetic limbs.
  4. Home nursing care or treatments.
  5. Ambulance services.
44
Q

what are three advantages to medicare?

A
  1. Available for all Australian citizens.
  2. Reciprocal agreement with other countries.
  3. The medicare safety net provides extra financial contributions if people are required to see a doctor often or have tests regularly, who require significant out of pocket expenses.
  4. Covers tests and examinations, doctors fees and some procedures.
  5. Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital treatments
45
Q

What are three disadvantages to medicare?

A
  1. Waiting lists for many treatments.
  2. Does not cover alternative therapies.
  3. No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments.
  4. often doesnt cover the full amount of a doctors visit.
46
Q

what is medicare funded by?

A

Medicare Levy + Medicare Levy Surcharge + General taxation

47
Q

What is medicare levy?

A

An additional tax of 2 per cent placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers.

48
Q

What is medicare levy surcharge?

A

An additional tax placed on those earning over a certain amount who do not have private health insurance.(1-1.5%).
An incentive to promote private health and wellbeing.

49
Q

How is Medicare equitable?

A
  1. Available regardless of ability to pay therefore does not discriminate against low-income earners
  2. Medicare Safety Net: People who require frequent services due to chronic illness, receive additional financial support
  3. Mental Health Treatment Plans - those with mental health disorders are eligible for 10 individual and 10 group therapy sessions per calendar year with the cost covered by Medicare
50
Q

How is Medicare sustainable?

A
  1. Funded through Medicare Levy and Taxation therefore receives ongoing funds to continue running
    into the future
  2. Only funds essential services therefore funds are preserved to continue achieving the greatest gains
    in health status into the future
51
Q

what is co payment?

A

An out of pocket expense, paid by the consumer for the gap in cost of subsidised products and services

52
Q

what is the pharmaceutical benefits scheme?

A

It aims to provide essential medication regardless the persons ability to pay for it. It provides subsidised prescription medication where consumers make a co payment.

53
Q

What is the PBS safety net?

A

Once they (or their immediate family) have spent $1497.20 within a calendar year on PBS-listed medicine, the patient pays only a concessional co-payment rate of $6.60 rather than the normal $41.30.

54
Q

how is the PBS equitable?

A
  1. PBS Safety Net – Further protects people who use medication the most from large medical expenses
  2. Concession card rates for pensioners, veterans and healthcare card holders (unemployed, low income), which are the most vulnerable groups and often need greater assistance
55
Q

How is the PBS sustainable?

A

1.Funded through taxation & patient co-payment therefore can continue subsidising the costs of essential medicines into the future

  1. Reviews the list of medications regularly and adds or removes them based on need, therefore chronic conditions can continue being treated now and into the future
56
Q

How is the PBS accessible?

A
  1. Available to all Australians through Medicare
  2. Financially accessible to low income earners through providing a concessional co-payment
57
Q

What is the NDIS?

A

National insurance scheme provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.Works to assist individuals with disabilities to live an ordinary life

58
Q

What requirement needs to be met to apply for NDIS?

A

To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 and meet both the residency and disability requirements.

59
Q

What are three ways that the NDIS provides assistance?

A
  1. Access to mainstream services and supports, inc. education, healthcare, public
    housing, aged care & justice system.
  2. Access to community services and supports, inc. sporting clubs, libraries, charities & community groups.
  3. Maintain informal support arrangements, eg. unpaid help from family and friends.
  4. Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports. e.g. financial support and
    funding for assistive technology such as mobility cane, shower chair, bed rail etc.
60
Q

How is NDIS equitable?

A
  1. Provides people with significant disabilities an opportunity to live an ordinary life through community
    supports & assistive technology
  2. The individualised plan ensures that those with more significant needs receive more assistance
61
Q

How is NDIS sustainable?

A
  1. Those who require the NDIS do not have to pay more towards funding it than those who don’t.
  2. The individualised plan for each participant means that only what is needed is spent on each person and
    funds can be preserved for future participants
62
Q

What is private health insurance?

A

Private health insurance is a form of insurance in which a member pays a premium (or fee) to the insurance company in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare.

63
Q

What are two main things that private health insurance covers?

A

The level of cover provided varies depending on the policy and premium paid.

  1. Private hospital care.
  2. Extras covers (eg. physiotherapists, dentists, other allied health services and
    alternative medicines).
64
Q

What are three advantages of private health insurance?

A
  1. Enables access to private hospital carer.
  2. Choice of doctors and hospitals.
  3. Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as elective surgery.
  4. High income earners don’t have to pay additional tax through the medicare levy surcharge.s
  5. Services such as physiotherapy, dentistry, optical and podiatry.
  6. Government rebate and lifetime cover incentives.
65
Q

What are two disadvantages of private health insurance?

A
  1. Costly premiums.
  2. Sometimes there is a ‘gap’, which means the insurance doesn’t cover the whole fee and individuals pay the difference.
66
Q

Why does government implement incentive schemes so that people take out private health insurance?

A

It decrease the strain/pressure on the public health system. (Decreased strain = decreased demand and decreased cost).

67
Q

What are three incentives that encourage people to take out private health insurance?

A
  1. Private health insurance rebate
  2. Life time cover
  3. Medical levy surcharge
68
Q

what is private health insurance rebate?

A

The 30% rebate incentive for private health insurance provides policyholders with a refund on their premiums. This rebate is income-tested, meaning it decreases or stops entirely for individuals earning above a certain threshold.

69
Q

What is a life time cover?

A

People who take up private health insurance after they turn 31 pay an additional 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 31.

This encourages younger people to take out private health insurance earlier and keep it for life.

70
Q

How is PHI equitable?

A
  1. Incentives for groups who have higher healthcare needs: Higher rebate for older Australians, low income and those who earn more pay more
  2. Those with chronic illness that use PHI more, pay a lower premium
71
Q

How is PHI sustainable?

A
  1. Taking out PHI places less burden on public health therefore so people can continue accessing public health in future
  2. Financially sustainable through premiums paid by customers
72
Q

How is Medicare accessible?

A
  1. Available to all Australians – no special criteria to access
  2. Funding for telephone and video consults so those in the most remote areas can access healthcare
73
Q

How is PBS funding?

A

Essential medicines are subsidised through the PBS

74
Q

How is the NDIS funding?

A

provide funding for a range of resources that promote health status, including carers who can provide support with daily living and staying socially connected.

75
Q

How is the NDIS accessible?

A
  1. All Aust’s with a disability can access the necessary support they need
  2. It has been rolled out all across Australia, allowing those outside of major cities to access it
76
Q

How is the PHI accessible?

A
  1. Provides access to a wide range of services that people otherwise may not afford
  2. The PHI rebate makes it easier for people with lower incomes to afford private health insurance.
77
Q

How is the PHI funding?

A
  1. Private health insurance provides much of the funding for private hospitals
  2. The federal government funds the private health insurance rebate, which means private health insurance is more affordable for more people.
78
Q

How does Medicare fund for things?

A

subsidised health services like consultations with doctors and blood tests.

79
Q

what is public health?

A

Public health relates to policies and practices put in place to prevent disease and injury among the population.

80
Q

What is sustainability?

A

The capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as hospitals and equipment into the future.

81
Q

What is equity?

A

Recognises and responds to those with special needs eg: chronic illness, low SES, vulnerable groups, elderly

82
Q

What is access?

A

A system that is available to all based on need, not ability to pay; regardless of where they live.

83
Q

What is funding?

A

Relates to the financial resources that are provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced.

84
Q

What are three disadvantages of Social Model of Health?

A
  1. Not every condition can be prevented.
  2. Does not promote the development of technology.
  3. Does not address the current health concerns of individuals (those who are already ill).
  4. Health promotion messages can be ignored.

health unit 3 (5 decks)

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