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Pharmacology > Drug Toxicity > Flashcards

Drug Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

ED50, TD50, and LD50 all occur in what type of subjects?

A

live subjects

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2
Q

What is the median effective dose, dose that produces a response in 50% of the population, produces 50% of maximal effect?

A

ED50

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3
Q

What is the dose required to produce a toxic effect in 50% of the population?

A

TD50

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4
Q

What is the dose required to kill 50% of the population (animals)?

A

LD50

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5
Q

What measures drug safety and can be found by TD50/ED50 or LD50/ED50?

A

therapeutic index (TI)

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6
Q

What does a high TI mean?

A

safer drug

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7
Q

If TI is 4, what does that mean?

A

only takes 4x the regular dose to produce a toxic/lethal response

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8
Q

What is the minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose; doses in this range are effective and essentially free of side effects?

A

therapeutic window

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9
Q

What is the range from where a drug begins to work to when adverse effects begin but has some overlapping?

A

therapeutic window

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10
Q

What describes proteins or glycoproteins on surface of a cell, on an organelle, or in the cytoplasm designed to bind to endogenous substances?

A

drug receptors

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11
Q

When a drug or endogenous ligand reaches a receptor, what changes can occur?

A
  • opening/closing of ion channel
  • formation of biochemical messengers
  • inhibition of normal cellular functions
  • increase in cellular activity
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12
Q

There are only so many receptors in the body, so what can occur?

A

saturation (can lead to no more effect of drug on patient)

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13
Q

Drugs may be what for receptors?

A

selective (only binding to certain receptors) or non-selective (binds to everything)

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14
Q

If a drug binds to somewhere other than its intended site, what happens?

A

it is ineffective, no use

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15
Q

Unbound drug concentrations are important why?

A

this is the portion of drug free to interact with its target site

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16
Q

Drugs do not add what when interacting with the receptor?

A

a new function
NEVER a new function
- can be turned on, turned off, or attentuated

17
Q

What are active receptors that possess affinity and activity (potent and effective)?

A

agonist

18
Q

What creates a similar response to your biological function?

A

agonists

19
Q

What are the different type of agonists?

A
  • full agonists
  • partial agonists
  • inverse agonists
20
Q

What type of agonists produce a max response and show full efficacy?

A

full agonists

21
Q

What type of agonists never reach Emax so they have some efficacy but not full?

A

partial agonists

22
Q

What type of agonist produce an effect opposite that of the natural ligand (basil function that is shut off and not producing)?

A

inverse agonist

23
Q

What binds to receptors to block the binding of other substances?

A

antagonist

24
Q

What prevents an action from occurring?

A

antagonist

25
Q

What must be present or else an antagonist is not active and producing a neutral effect?

A

agonist

26
Q

What possessed affinity (potency) but not activity (efficacy)?

A

antagonists

27
Q

What type of antagonists compete for the same binding site as the agonist and is a reversible process?

A

competitive antagonist

28
Q

With competitive antagonists, the dose-response curve shifts?

A

right (becomes less potent, EC 50 changes)

29
Q

What can you add to a system to overcome a competitive antagonist?

A

add more agonist

30
Q

What type of antagonist binds to the same site as an agonist using covalent bonding so it is permanent and irreversible?

A

noncompetitive antagonists

31
Q

What reduces the effect of an agonist since there is a reduction in the amount of sites that agonists can bind to?

A

noncompetitive antagonists

32
Q

What describes binding to a site other than the agonist binding site resulting in a conformational change and what is this associated with?

A
  • allosteric
  • noncompetitive antagonists
33
Q

How can you overcome noncompetitive antagonists?

A

add more binding sites, not more agonists

34
Q

What acts as competitive antagonists in the presence of an agonist?

A

weak partial agonist

35
Q

Weak partial agonists have some activity (efficacy) but it is opposite of what?

A

agonists

36
Q

When you add weak partial agonists, it will be harder for what to bind so you will get a decrease in?

A

harder for agonists to bind so you will get a decrease in efficacy

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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