A&P Exam 2

Question 1

Functions of the skeletal system and explain tissues found in bones perform each function?

Answer 1

Skeletal system provides:
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
blood cell formation(hematopoiesis)

Bones consists of CT
primarily bone tissue (osseous tissue) which contains bone cells, collagen fibers and mineral deposits (mainly calcium and phosphate)

Question 2

list the 5 shapes used to classify bones?

Answer 2

long
short
irregular
sesamoid
flat

Question 3

what are examples of the shape?

Answer 3

Long bones: Femur, humerus, tibia.
Short bones: Carpals, tarsals, patella.
Flat bones: Skull bones (parietal, frontal), scapula, ribs.
Irregular bones: Vertebrae, facial bones (maxilla, mandible), hip bones.
Sesamoid bones: Patella, pisiform bone in the wrist.

Question 4

Draw a long bone and label its parts.

Answer 4

A long bone consists of a shaft (diaphysis), ends (epiphyses), metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, and compact and spongy bone tissue.

Question 5

Compare and contrast red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

Answer 5

Red bone marrow produces blood cells,

yellow bone marrow stores fat.

Both are found in the medullary cavity of long bones.

Question 6

Describe the components of bone tissue.

Answer 6

Bone tissue comprises osteocytes (bone cells), collagen fibers, and mineral deposits (calcium phosphate).

Question 7

Explain how the extracellular components of bone tissue contribute to the properties of bone tissue.

Answer 7

Collagen fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength, while mineral deposits provide hardness and compressive strength to bone tissue.

Question 8

Describe the configuration of structures made of compact bone versus spongy bone.

Answer 8

Compact bone forms the dense outer layer of bones, while spongy bone forms the inner trabecular network, providing strength with reduced weight.

Question 9

Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Answer 9

Intramembranous ossification forms bones directly from mesenchyme tissue, while endochondral ossification forms bones from a cartilage template.

Question 10

Compare the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling.

Answer 10

Osteoblasts build bone tissue by secreting matrix, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue during remodeling.

Question 11

Compare and contrast longitudinal and appositional (widening) bone growth.

Answer 11

Longitudinal growth increases bone length at the growth plates, while appositional growth increases bone diameter by adding layers of bone tissue.

Question 12

Describe the effects of growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen, and Vitamin D on bone
growth and remodeling.

Answer 12

Growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen, and Vitamin D promote bone growth and remodeling.

Question 13

Describe how parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood calcium levels.

Answer 13

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 14

Describe the healing process for bone fractures.

Answer 14

Fracture healing involves inflammation, formation of a callus, remodeling of the callus into bone tissue, and eventual bone remodeling.

Question 15

What is depression?

Answer 15

allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

Question 16

What is opening?

Answer 16

accommodate organs and vessels

Question 17

what is Projections?

Answer 17

serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Question 18

If the ECM of a bone lacked osteoid, what impact would that have on the structure and function of the bone?

Answer 18

The bone becomes more brittle and shatters more easily.

Question 19

Correctly describes the organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest elements?

Answer 19

Muscle–> Fascicle–> Muscle fiber–> myofibril–> sarcomere

Question 20

Which of the following shorten(decrease in length) during an isotonic muscle contraction?

Answer 20

the l band

Question 21

Which bone is part of the appendicular?

Answer 21

scapula

Question 22

The ultrastructure of spongy bone includes branching structures called what?

Answer 22

Trabeculae(Trabeculae are small, bony struts or beams within bones that help give them strength and support. They form a network-like structure that provides stability while also allowing for the passage of blood vessels and other important tissues within the bone.)

Question 23

Resistance training increases the size of muscles by stiumulating widespread mitosis in muscle fibers (true or false)

Answer 23

false

Question 24

During longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate, new bone material is added wher?

Answer 24

To the diaphysis(
The diaphysis is the main, cylindrical portion of a long bone, located between the two ends (epiphyses). It’s primarily made up of compact bone tissue and contains the bone marrow cavity, which produces blood cells.)

Question 25

In endochrondral ossification, bone forms from what?

Answer 25

a hyaline cartilage model

Question 26

Vertebrae from which region are characterized by a large, kidney shaped body, flattened, triangular vertebral foramen and thick posteriorly pointing spinous processes?

Answer 26

Lumbar

Question 27

why do bones have depressions?

Answer 27

depressions allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

Question 28

why do bones have openings?

Answer 28

opening accommodate organs and vessels

Question 29

why do bones have projections?

Answer 29

projections serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments

Question 30

Which action causes tropomyosin to move off of the active sites of thin myofilaments?

Answer 30

calcium ions binding to troponin

Question 31

Where is the M line of a sarcomere?

Answer 31

in the center of the A band

Question 32

Which ion is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and regulates the function of troponin?

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

In patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), there can be inflammation of a single muscle fiber within a skeletal muscle. Which structure would you predict to be damaged in the skeletal muscle of a patient with sIBM?

Answer 33

endomysium

Question 34

axial skeleton

Answer 34

head, neck, back and chest

Question 35

appendicular skeleton

Answer 35

arm,leg and hip (pelvic bone) everything else