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Orthotics > Lab 3: Plastic Hinged AFO, IMO, SMO, KOs, KAFOs > Flashcards

Lab 3: Plastic Hinged AFO, IMO, SMO, KOs, KAFOs Flashcards

1
Q

What types of joints can be present on a HAFO?

A

Overlap, gillette, Gaffney, Oklahoma, insert stirrup, spring loaded dorsiflexion assist, tamarack, wafer

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2
Q

Describe the pros and cons of an overlap joint

A

Pro: inexpensive, strong, simple construction

Cons: very wide so if pt walks with a narrow BOS they can trip easily

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3
Q

What is a Gaffney joint?

A

Single-axis metal joint that is not as durable

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4
Q

What is an Oklahoma style joint?

A

Plastic joint that is designed and reinforced in a more streamlined manner

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5
Q

Describe how a spring loaded dorsiflexion assist joint works

A

Spring is compressed during pushoff phase of gait and then release at the start of swing phase

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6
Q

Describe a tamarack and gillette joint

A

Allow for a simple hinged articulation and may assist with dorsiflexion depending on style

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7
Q

Describe a wafer joint

A

Metal joints designed to be durable and adjustable for both plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Motion assist can be incorporated.

Con: heavier and more expensive

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8
Q

What is the function of a plantarflexion stop?

A

Decrease plantarflexion when there is a lack of active dorsiflexion or control necessary for adequate swing clearance

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9
Q

What is the function of a check strap?

A

Restricts the amount of dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. Can be positioned either posteriorly or anteriorly

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10
Q

When is a check strap indicated?

A

Pt ambulates with a flexed gait pattern

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11
Q

Why would a HAFO be prescribed over an SAFO?

A

Allows for varying degrees of movement at the ankle to provide the opportunity for greater east and efficiency in functional movements

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12
Q

When is an HAFO indicated?

A

Pt has a fair amount of control at the trunk and hip and least control at the knee

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13
Q

When is a SAFO indicated?

A

Trunk, hip, and knee control is compromised but still desire to be functional in an upright position

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14
Q

What does IMO stand for?

A

Inframalleolar Orthoses

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of a post

A

Found on the inferior surface of orthosis, made out of plastic or foam

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16
Q

What is the function of a post?

A

Hold the orthosis steady in the shoe – does not add height to orthosis

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17
Q

What does SMO stand for?

A

Supramalleolar Orthosis

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18
Q

How can you differentiate between an SMO and IMO?

A

SMOs extend above the malleoli and IMOs are trimmed below the malleoli

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19
Q

Describe the force system of an SMO for supination

A

Primary: originates laterally at the area of the talus and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially at the calcaneus and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially at the 1st metatarsal head and is directed laterally

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20
Q

Describe the force system of an SMO to control pronation

A

Primary: originates medially at the area of the talus and navicular and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally from the calcaneus and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally from the 5th metatarsal head and is directed medially

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21
Q

Compare the rationale for prescribing a IMO over shoe modifications

A

An IMO corrects with closer contact to the foot and can be more effective. Shoe modifications can accommodate changes in foot size

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22
Q

What motions can an SMO control?

A

Supination, pronation, and plantarflexion depending on the structure of the posterior superior trimline

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23
Q

Describe the force system to control plantarflexion in an SMO

A

Primary: originates superior and anterior at the calcaneal strap and is directed posterior and inferior

Secondary: originates inferior at the orthosis at the location of the metatarsal heads and is directed superior

Secondary: originates posterior from the superior trimline and is directed anterior

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24
Q

Does an IMO or SMO have greater control of triplanar motion?

A

SMO because the increased surface area coverage creates better leverage to control supination and pronation

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25
Q

How does the height of the posterior superior trimline of an SMO affect plantarflexion control?

A

The higher the trimline, the greater leverage

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26
Q

Why would you recommend a SMO over an IMO?

A

If the medial and lateral control is not adequate with an IMO or if plantarflexion control is also needed

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27
Q

What type of device is displayed in the image?

A

Supracondylar Shell KAFO or Floor Reaction Orthosis (FRO)

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28
Q

What motions are controlled by a FRO

A

Knee: Hyperextension, valgus, varus
Ankle: some plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, supination, or pronation

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29
Q

What does FRO stand for?

A

Floor Reaction Orthosis

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30
Q

Describe the force system to control hyperextension with a FRO

A

Primary: originates posterior at the posterior superior margin of the orthosis and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the anterior superior portion of the orthosis and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the anterior inferior portion of the orthosis and is directed posterior

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31
Q

Describe the force system to control valgus with a FRO

A

Primary: originates medially at the central medial portion of the orthosis and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally at the superior lateral aspect of the orthosis and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally at the inferior lateral aspect of the orthosis and is directed medially

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32
Q

Describe the force system to control varus with a FRO

A

Primary: originates laterally at the central portion of the orthosis and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially at the superior medial aspect of the orthosis and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially at the inferior medial aspect of the orthosis and is directed laterally

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33
Q

What is special about the design of a FRO?

A

The ankle joint is set in plantarflexion and supported by an appropriately height heeled shoe

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34
Q

What effect does the ankle position of a FRO have on the knee and hip?

A

Plantarflexed position shifts the GRF anterior to the knee and hip causing knee extension and hip flexion

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35
Q

What are disadvantages of the FRO design?

A

Biases the knee toward extension without extending the surface area higher than the femoral epicondyles. Pt needs to have adequate hip extensor strength to counterbalance. Can actually cause destabilizing if not properly prescribed

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36
Q

When is a FRO indicated?

A

If the pt demonstrates a crouched gait pattern

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37
Q

What is the proper positioning of the superior portion of a conventional KAFO?

A

Extends to the upper third of the thigh with 3-4” of clearance in the groin area

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38
Q

What is the proper positioning of the superior lateral portion of a conventional KAFO?

A

Below the greater trochanter

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39
Q

What motions are controlled in standing with KAFO and why is this unique?

A

Mechanism locks to control knee hyperextension, flexion, varus, and valgus.

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40
Q

Describe the force system to control knee hyperextension with a KAFO

A

Primary: originates posterior from a combination of the inferior thigh band and calf band and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior from the thigh strap and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior from the calf strap and is directed posterior

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41
Q

Describe the force system to control knee flexion with a KAFO

A

Primary: originates anterior from the knee pad OR a combination of the supra and infra patellar straps

Secondary: originates posterior from the superior thigh band and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates posterior at the calf band and is directed anterior

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42
Q

Describe the force system to control valgus with a KAFO

A

Primary: originates medially at the medial condylar pad and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates at the superior portion of the lateral bar and is directed medially

Secondary: originates at the inferior portion of the lateral bar and is directed medially

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43
Q

Describe the force system to control varus with a KAFO

A

Primary: originates from the lateral condylar pad and is directed medially

Secondary: originates at the superior portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates at the inferior portion of the medial bar and is directed medially

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44
Q

What is the function of the knee joints in a KAFO?

A

Designed to be locked in a stationary position to provide necessary stability for standing and ambulation

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45
Q

What is the most common type of joint that is used for KAFOs?

A

Single axis knee joint

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46
Q

Describe an adjustable or fan design knee joint

A

Allows for the knee joint to be locked even though the patient may not possess full knee extension

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47
Q

What are the the pros and cons of a drop lock?

A

Pro: inexpensive, simple in design, requires little maintenance and chance of breakdown

Con: difficult to manipulate and release when standing

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48
Q

What is a spring loaded pull rod?

A

Added to a ring or drop lock to make it easier to release when in standing. Decreased the distance the individual needs to reach down

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49
Q

Describe when a bale release would be attached to a pawl lock

A

When a dual locking mechanism is indicated both on the medial and lateral sides. It allows for simultaneous release of both locks and it triggered by pushing the bale

50
Q

What is a con of a bale release attached to a pawl lock?

A

It extends out posteriorly and may be accidentally released by bumping into something

51
Q

What are the indications for a KAFO?

A

Compromised motor control of the foot, ankle, knee, and hip. Possible trunk control deficits as well

52
Q

What patient population will typically use a KAFO?

A

SCI, spina bifida, polio, post-polio syndrome. Occasionally stroke or CP

53
Q

What is unique about a Craig-Scott KAFO?

A

The ankle set is set at 10 degrees of dorsiflexion

54
Q

If the ankle component of a KAFO is set to 10 degrees of dorsiflexion, how would it affect the alignment of the knee and hip?

A

Knee: bias toward flexion because GRF is posterior to the knee

Hip: bias the hip toward flexion because GRF is anterior to the hip

55
Q

Functionally, how would a Craig-Scott orthosis benefit a SCI patient?

A

A pt with little to no active hip extension is able to maintain the position by resting on the Y ligament allowing them the opportunity to maintain standing and ambulate without extending the brace past the knee

56
Q

What motions are controlled with a plastic KAFO?

A

When locked, knee hyperextension, flexion, valgus, varus

57
Q

Describe the force system to control knee hyperextension with a plastic KAFO

A

Primary: originates posterior from a combination of the inferior portion of the thigh shell and the superior portion of the calf shell and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior from the thigh strap and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior from the inferior leg strap or calcaneal strap and is directed posterior

58
Q

Describe the force system to control knee flexion with a plastic KAFO

A

Primary: originates anteriorly from a combination of the supra and infra patellar straps and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates from the posterior portion of the thigh shell and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates posteriorly from the heel cup and is directed anterior

59
Q

Describe the force system to control valgus with a plastic KAFO

A

Primary: combined forces originate from the inferior medial portion of the thigh shell and the superior medial portion of the AFO shell and are directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally from the superior portion of the thigh shell and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally from the inferior portion of the AFO shell and is directed medially

60
Q

Describe the force system to control varus with a plastic KAFO

A

Primary: combined forces originating from the inferior lateral portion of the thigh shell and the superior lateral portion of the AFO shell and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially at the superior portion of the thigh shell and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially at the inferior portion of the AFO shell and is directed laterally

61
Q

What are the benefits of a hybrid KAFO?

A

Flexibility in brace length, can be worn under clothes, is more cosmetically acceptable, lightweight

62
Q

What does KO stand for?

A

Knee Orthoses

63
Q

What are the three categories of KOs?

A

Flexible, semi-rigid, rigid

64
Q

What is the function of a flexible KO?

A

Compress tissue to minimize edema and keep the joint and soft tissue warm, proprioceptive feedback

65
Q

What is the general function of a semi-rigid KO?

A

Check or limit movement

66
Q

What is the general function of a rigid KO?

A

3-point pressure system to control or restrict motion

67
Q

What motions are controlled with an elastic knee orthosis?

A

No motions

68
Q

What are indications for a flexible KO?

A

OA, edema, minor knee sprains

69
Q

What type of orthosis is an Elastic KO with M-L Supports?

A

Semi-rigid

70
Q

What motions does an Elastic KO with M-L Supports control?

A

No true control, does limit some valgus and varus

71
Q

What is the purpose of a Elastic KO with M-L Supports?

A

Same as a flexible KO. Compression, heat to area, reduce edema, proprioception.

72
Q

When is a Elastic KO with M-L supports indicated?

A

OA, edema, minor knee sprains

73
Q

What type of orthotic is a knee immobilizer?

A

Semi-rigid

74
Q

Describe the optimal positioning for a knee immobilizer

A

Extend superiorly to the upper third of the thigh, extend inferior to 1-1.5” above the malleoli, and anterior cut out over the patella

75
Q

Does a knee immobilizer control motion?

A

Provide tactile input to increase kinesthetic awareness leading to decreased knee movement. No motions are truly controlled because there are no three point pressure systems

76
Q

What is the function of a knee immobilizer?

A

Decrease movement at the knee following surgery or trauma. Can also be used to assist upright postural control where there is weakness at the knee following a stroke

77
Q

What are conditions that may be indicated for a knee immobilizer?

A

TKR, acute knee trauma, weakness at the knee secondary to stroke, MS, Guillian Barre

78
Q

What is the advantage of a knee immobilizer over an elastic KO?

A

Longer leverage and vertical bars provide greater support

79
Q

What type of orthosis is an adjustable knee immobilizer?

A

Semi-rigid

80
Q

Does an adjustable knee immobilizer control motion?

A

Technically no because it is a semi-rigid design with no three point pressure systems. Provides tactile cues to decrease motion

81
Q

What would you need to add to an adjustable knee immobilizer in order to allow it to control motion?

A

Bands

82
Q

What are the indications for an adjustable knee immobilizer?

A

Acutely for post operative or traumatic rehab

83
Q

Why is the adjustable knee immobilizer beneficial compared to an elastic KO with or without M-L support?

A

It is more restrictive because of the increased length and rigid construction even though it does not contain horizontal bands

84
Q

What type of orthosis is a resting splint?

A

Rigid

85
Q

What motions are controlled with a resting splint?

A

All motions due to total contact between the orthosis and the knee

Extension, flexion, varus, valgus

86
Q

How is knee flexion controlled with a resting splint?

A

Primary: originates anteriorly from a combination from the supra and infra patellar straps and is directed posteriorly

Secondary: originates posteriorly at the superior margins of the orthosis and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates posteriorly at the inferior margins of the orthosis and is directed anteriorly

86
Q

How is hyperextension controlled with a resting splint?

A

Primary: originates at the posterior medial portion of the orthosis and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates at the anterior superior portion of the orthosis and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates at the anterior inferior portion of the orthosis and is directed posterior

86
Q

How is valgus controlled with a resting splint?

A

Primary: originates from the central portion of the medial orthosis and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates from the superior lateral aspect of the orthosis and is directed medially

Secondary: originates from the inferior lateral aspect of the orthosis and is directed medially

87
Q

How is varus controlled with a resting splint?

A

Primary: originates from the central portion of the lateral aspect of the orthosis and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially at the superior aspect of the orthosis and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially at the inferior aspect of the orthosis and is directed laterally

88
Q

What is the function of a resting splint?

A

Maintain or increase knee ROM. Can be used only at night as an attempt to gain ROM while not restricting function during the day

88
Q

What conditions are indicated for a resting splint?

A

Pathologies that involve knee flexion contractures. Stroke, CP, MS, MD, ALS, scleroderma, TBI

89
Q

What movements are controlled with a Swedish Knee Cage?

A

Hyperextension

90
Q

Describe the force system to control hyperextension with a Swedish Knee Cage

A

Primary: originates posterior at the popliteal strap and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the thigh strap and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the leg strap and is directed posterior

91
Q

Does a Swedish Knee Cage control varus or valgus?

A

Arguably no because the medial and lateral bars are short with minimal leverage and not positioned optimally

92
Q

What conditions are indicated for a Swedish Knee Cage?

A

Mild hyperextension, patients with arthritis, stroke, hypotonia

93
Q

What are disadvantages of a Swedish Knee Cage?

A

Bulky, protrudes vertically when sitting

94
Q

What type of design is a Three Way Knee Stabilizer?

A

Rigid

95
Q

What motions are controlled with a Three Way Knee Stabilizer?

A

Hyperextension, varus, valgus

96
Q

Describe the force system to control hyperextension with a Three Way Knee Stabilizer

A

Primary: originates posterior at the popliteal band and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the anterior thigh band is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the anterior leg band and is directed posterior

97
Q

Describe the force system to control valgus with a Three Way Knee Stabilizer

A

Primary: originates medially from a central portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally from the superior portion of the lateral bar and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally from the inferior portion of the lateral bar and is directed medially

98
Q

Describe the force system to control varus with a Three Way Knee Stabilizer

A

Primary: originates laterally from the central portion of the lateral bar and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially from the superior portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially from the inferior portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

99
Q

What are the indications for a Three Way Knee Stabilizer?

A

Mild hyperextension, valgus, or varus

100
Q

What pts may benefit from a Three Way Knee Stabilizer?

A

Arthritis, stroke, hypotonia

101
Q

Why might a Three Way Knee Stabilizer be preferred over a Swedish Knee Cage?

A

Controls medial and lateral motion and also is more cosmetically acceptable

102
Q

What motions are restricted by a Molded Plastic Solid Knee Orthosis?

A

Hyperextension, valgus, varus

103
Q

Describe the force system to control hyperextension with a Molded Plastic Solid Knee Orthosis

A

Primary: originates posterior at the posterior superior margin of the brace in the popliteal area and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the superior portion of the brace and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the inferior portion of the brace and is directed posterior

104
Q

Describe the force system to control valgus with a Molded Plastic Solid Knee Orthosis

A

Primary: originates medially at the central portion of the medial aspect of the brace and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally from the superior border and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally from the inferior border and is directed medially

105
Q

Describe the force system to control varus with a Molded Plastic Solid Knee Orthosis

A

Primary: originates laterally from the central portion of the lateral aspect of the brace and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially from the superior border and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially from the inferior border and is directed laterally

106
Q

When is a Three Way Knee Stabilizer indicated?

A

Mild to moderate hyperextension, valgus, varus

107
Q

If a KO has rotary control, what design is the device?

A

Rigid

108
Q

What are options for modifications for KOs?

A

Neoprene sleeves worn underneath, extensive anterior shell derotation straps, oblique bands, tibial tuberosity band with derotation cable

109
Q

Describe the optimal fit for a KO with a polycentric axis?

A

Extends to middle third of thigh and middle third of lower leg

110
Q

Does a KO with a polycentric axis control flexion?

A

No

111
Q

Describe the force system that controls hyperextension in a KO with a polycentric axis

A

Primary: originates posterior from the thigh band is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the thigh strap or band is directed posterior

Secondary: originates anterior at the lower leg strap or band and is directed posterior

112
Q

Describe the force system that controls valgus in a KO with a polycentric axis

A

Primary: originates medially from the central portion of the medial bar or condylar pad and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates laterally from the superior lateral bar and is directed medially

Secondary: originates laterally from the inferior lateral bar and is directed medially

113
Q

Describe the force system that controls varus in a KO with a polycentric axis

A

Primary: originates laterally from the central portion of the lateral bar or condylar pad and is directed medially

Secondary: originates medially from the superior portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

Secondary: originates medially from the inferior portion of the medial bar and is directed laterally

114
Q

What type of force system controls rotation and translation at the knee?

A

4 point pressure system

115
Q

Describe the force system that controls rotation and translation in a KO with a polycentric axis

A

Primary: originates anteriorly from the thigh band is directed posterior

Primary: originates posterior from the supra popliteal strap and is directed anterior

Secondary: originates anterior from the infra patellar strap and is directed posterior

Secondary: originates posterior from the leg strap and is directed anterior

116
Q

What does a polycentric joint design allow for?

A

Flexion and extension around an instantaneous axis of rotation which closely mimics the instantaneous axis of rotation of the knee

117
Q

When is a KO with a polycentric axis indicated?

A

Significant damage to ligamentous structure of the knee or instability where the individual will stay active. Also used for post-surgical in sub-acute or long term rebab

Orthotics (8 decks)

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