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Psychology > Attatchment > Flashcards

Attatchment Flashcards

1
Q

interactional synchrony

A

caregiver + infant reflect both actions/emotions of each other in a coordinated way
‘mirroring’

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2
Q

reciprocity

A

2 way process
adult + infant respond to eachothers signals (verbal, facial, behaviours), taking it in turns
like a conversation

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3
Q

attatchment

A

2 way emotional bond between 2 individuals, in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security

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4
Q

caregiver-infant interaction limitation- difficulty observing

A

-difficulty observing babies- lack coordination. movements being observed usually just small hand movements (can be mistake an unconscious automatic reflex)

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5
Q

caregiver-infant interactions limiation- social sensitivity

A

-social sensitivity is a concern when investigating child rearing techniques, women may find life choices criticised (return to work shortly after birth can’t develop high levels of interactional synchrony w baby)

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6
Q

caregiver-infant interactions strengths

A

may studies use multiple observers (inter-rater reliability). this high control of infant studies indicates high internal validity

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7
Q

schaffer’s stages of attatchment

A

asocial
indiscrimiante attatchments
specific attatchments
multiple attatchments

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8
Q

schaffer’s study limitation- generalisability

A

may not be generaliseable, only included WC mums in 1960’s from Glasgow, not representative of UK or world.

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9
Q

schaffer’s study limitation- temporal validity

A

lack temporal validity, child rearing practises have changed in past 60 years

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10
Q

schaffer’s study strength

A

high mundane realism- studied in own home, experience for infants was normal- sugegsts behaviour recorded is valid

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11
Q

what percent of children were attatched to their father by 18 months? what did it suggest

A

75%, 29% within a month of forming primary attachment suggesting father is important but unlikely to be 1st attatchment

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12
Q

role of father limitations

A

preconceptions about how fathers behave (more playful)- unintentional bias

research assessing the importance of the father argues role of mother can’t be replaced by father- single dad/2 dads feel they can’t provide

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13
Q

cuboard love theory

A

we learn attachments to the person providing us with food

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14
Q

explanations of attachment strength

A

has face validity, it makes intuitive sense babies cry more when they learn it gets attention or food

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15
Q

explanations of attachment evaluation

A

the behaviourist principles used to explain attachment backed up by long history well controlled research (Pavlov/Skinner)
However such highly controlled research on human babies is impossible for practical/ethical reasons

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16
Q

attachment explanation limitation

A

evidence rejects cupboard love theory- Harlow’s monkeys showed they didn’t become attached to surrogate wire that provided milk, but instead the cloth one that had no milk but some comfort.
suggesting attachment isn’t learnt but instinctual

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17
Q

AMSCI

A

adaptive, monotropic, social releasers, critical period, IWM

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18
Q

how long is the critical period (bowlby)

A

first 30 months

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19
Q

what happens if there’s a lack of monotropy

A

permanent negative social, intellectual & intellectual consequences for development

20
Q

monotropic theory strength- impact

A

bowlbys work has been impactful, developed by ainsworth & applied to early childcare e.g social workers actively investigate cases of neglect understanding longterm harm

21
Q

monotropic theory strength -stroufe et. al

A

stroufe et al, longitudinal study supports bowlbys theory by following pp’s from infancy-late adolescence. finding early attatchment type predicted later emotional/social behaviour

22
Q

monotropic theory limitations

A

gender bias (alpha-bias) exagguration of gender differences- bowlby argues father role provides resources, mother=monotropic role

alternate explanations to attachment, behaviourists claim environment not biology. CLT suggests its based on food, feeling pleasure in mum prescense. numerous well controlled experiments support principles of the learning theory

23
Q

animal study strengths

A

Harlows findings on contact comfort have been highly influential; bowlby argued similarly, infants crave comfort from their mother, attempting a monotropic attachment (fails+poor socialisation as adults)

practical application, knowledge from these studies, later developed by Bowlby has been applied to childcare

24
Q

animal study limations

A

harlow critisized on ethical grounds for the harm caused to many intetionally orphaned primate infants and causing high stress levels

generalisation of animal behaviour to human psychology is problematic. humans&animals have diff biology, humans have various social and cultural experiences that uniform their behaviour

25
Q

strange situation/van ijzendoorn weaknesses

A

lack temporal validity due to changing nature of family life in modern world

many countries represented had 1 study included- small sample size= not representive of countries population, overrepresented infants in poverty etc.

26
Q

strange situation/van ijzendoorn strengths

A

as dominant type was secure- evidence for bowlby that there is biological,, instictive drive to parent in a way that produces secure attatchments

meta analysis has large sample size- strength of this is any poorly conducted study or unusual results only have effect a small overall result in validity of overall findings

27
Q

attatchment types

A

secure, insecure resistant, insecure avoidant

28
Q

strange situation findings

A

secure most common
insecure least common
avoidant more common in individualistic western cultures resistant in collectivist non-western
more variation within countries than between

29
Q

insecure avoidant

A

keep distance
exploring freely
low stranger and seperation anxiety
when mum returns, don’t look for comfort
mum shows little sensitive responsiveness

30
Q

secure

A

use mum as safe base as exploring
moderate stranger/seperation axniety
happy reunion/settle quick
mum shows SRi

31
Q

insecure resistant

A

clingy/don’t explore
seeking closeness to mum
high stranger/seperation anxiety
mum returns=ambivalent
mum shows inconsistent SR

32
Q
A
33
Q

maternal deprivation consequences

A

deliquency, low IQ, affectionate psychopathy

34
Q

romanian orphan study procedure

A

romanian children grouped into those adopted under 6m, 6m-2 years, over 2 years.
control group british adoptees who hadn’t experienced privation
assessed at 4,6,11,15

35
Q

romanian study findings age 6

A

disinhibited attachment, overly friendly behaviour to strangers

36
Q

romanian study findings age 11

A

those who displayed disinhibited attachment at age 6, 50% still displayed.
adopted after 6 had delayed physical, emotional and intellectual development

37
Q

What did Rutter suggest about the effects of privation?

A

adoption within first 6 months is important, rate of recovery depends of age of adoption. The effects of privation are severe/long-lasting but many show recovery after adoption at 2, suggesting CP is sensitive

38
Q

maternal deprivation strength- practical applications

A

practical applications, research has changed policies around adoption/care in orphanages e.g critical workers give higher level of care ensuring early age of adoption

39
Q

maternal deprivation strength- hodges & tizard

A

evidence for sensitive period hodges and tizard found children adopted into new families coped better than returning to orginal abusive. Goldfarb- early fostering led to higher levels of IQ/social skills. these studies suggest the adverse effects of institutionalism can be overcome

40
Q

maternal deprivation limitations- potential issue w romanian study

A

potential issue romanian orphanages study- children were selected by new parents not randomly assigned-bias=more sociable kid picked for adoption at younger age

41
Q

maternal deprivation limitation- gender bias

A

may exaggurate role of mother and underestimate role of father/other attatchment figures (gender bias)

42
Q

Hazen & Shaver (influence of early attachment)

A

argue adults relationship type is a continuation of their infants attachment style. argues if secure= more socially capable in childhood/adulthood than insecure due to an effective IWM

43
Q

continuity hypothesis

A

suggests an individuals future will follow a pattern based on IWM

44
Q

influence of early attachment strength- practical application

A

schools use this knowledge of the influence to help children alter their IWM to adress bullying/lonliness. This early work adapting their IWM would also help children achieve relationship stability as an adult, potentially reducing economy costs related to divorce/mental health issues related to relationship breakdowns

45
Q

influence of early attachment limitation- deterministic

A

the continuity hypothesis suggests an individual is doomed to repeat the type of relationships as adults they experienced as an infant. people like to think their in complete conscious control over their relationship, including responsibility for the success, not that this is set in infancy for the development of an IWM

46
Q

influence of early attachment strength- verimisso

A

observed preschool children’s relationships with mum & dads, later assessed social interactions when child was in nursery
strong attachment to father=best predictor of ability to make friends suggesting an important role of fathers in socialisation

Psychology (4 decks)

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