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Human Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

Types of Connective Tissues in the Skeletal system (3)

A

1) Bone
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage

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2
Q

Hard elements in the skelaton

A

Bone

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3
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue, attach bones to other bones

A

Ligaments

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4
Q

Specialized connective tissue, fibers of collagen and elastic in gel-like ground substance (matrix)

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Living tissue containing several types of cells involved in forming and remodeling

A

Bones

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6
Q

Bones have a hard rigid appearance due to

A

extra-cellular crystals of calcium minerals

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7
Q

5 Functions of Bones

A

1) Support
2) Protect
3) Movement
4) Blood Cell Formation
5) Mineral storage

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8
Q

Minerals stored in bones (2)

A

1) Calcium
2) Phosphate

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9
Q

Hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts

A

Bone

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10
Q

Part of bone, forms shafts and ends, contains marrow space (yellow bone marrow)

A

Compact bone

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11
Q

Part of bone, contains marrow space

A

Compact bone

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12
Q

Marrow space contains

A

Yellow bone marrow (mostly fats)

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13
Q

Part of bone, contains red bone marrow

A

Spongey (cancellous) Bone

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14
Q

Spongey bone aka

A

Cancellous

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15
Q

Part of bone, trabeculae supports, stem cells porduce rbc, wbc, and platelets

A

Spongey (cancellous) Bone

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16
Q

In marrow, help for blood clots

A

Platelets

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17
Q

Part of bone, connective tissue covering

A

Periosteum

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18
Q

Growth Plates

A

Physis

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19
Q

Cells in the Bone (4)

A

1) Chondroblasts
2) Osteoblasts
3) Osteocytes
4) Osteoclasts

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20
Q

Types of Bones (4)

A

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular

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21
Q

Hold bones together, attach bone to bone, enable movement and provide strength to joints, made of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

Ligaments

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22
Q

ACL is an example of a

A

Ligament

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23
Q

Provides support to bone

A

Cartilage

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24
Q

Attach muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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25
Q

Types of Cartilage (3)

A

1) Fibrocartilage
2) Hyaline
3)Elastic Cartilage

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26
Q

Type of Cartilage, thick

A

Fibro Cartilage

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27
Q

Type of Cartilage, thin and smooth

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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28
Q

Type of Cartilage, forms embryonic structure (late forms bones)

A

Hyaline

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29
Q

Type of Cartilage, covers and protects the ends of long bones and joints (protects and reduces friction)

A

Hyaline

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30
Q

Type of Cartilage, mostly flexible, elastin fibers

A

Elastic

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31
Q

Intervertebral disks and menisci in knees are an example of what type of cartilage

A

Fibro

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32
Q

When does bone development begin

A

In the embryo

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33
Q

Cartilage forming cells

A

Chondroblasts

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34
Q

Hyaline cartilage formation (by chondroblasts) in 0-2 months of life is a

A

Model of future bone

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35
Q

Replace cartilage with bone

A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

Cartilage starts to dissolve and periosteum starts to develop during

A

Later fetal development (after 2-3 months)

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37
Q

Blood vessels transport ____to form periosteum during later fetal development

A

osteoblasts

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38
Q

Primary and secondary ossification sites formed during

A

Childhood

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39
Q

Hardening of the bones

A

Ossification

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40
Q

Crystals that deposit to form bone

A

hydroxyapatite

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41
Q

Elongation of growth plates happens during

A

Adolescence

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42
Q

Compact bone contains this type of cell

A

Osteocytes

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43
Q

Bone development is regulated by

A

Hormones

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44
Q

Hormones involved in bone development

A

Estrogen and Testosterone

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45
Q

Skeleton derived from greek word meaning

A

“Dried up”

46
Q

The only place where bones can grow

A

Growth plates

47
Q

In growth plates, younger cartilage cells…

A

Multiply

48
Q

In growth plates, older cartilage cells…

A

surround themselves with minerals and harden into bone

49
Q

In growth plates, cells shrink and create space, attract osteoblasts

A

Yes

50
Q

Osteons

A

Haversian Systems

51
Q

Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft

A

Haversian Systems

52
Q

Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft

A

Osteons

53
Q

In the center of Osteon, contains blood vessels and sometimes a nerve

A

Haversian Canal

54
Q

Bone homeostasis depends on the balance of

A

Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity

55
Q

Increase overall bone mass and strength

A

Weight-bearing exercise

56
Q

Dependent on diet, exercise, and age

A

Bone remodeling

57
Q

Loss of bone mass due to prolonged imbalance of osteo blast/ clast activity (osteoclasts more active)

A

Osteoporosis

58
Q

Electrical currents in bones are caused by

A

Compressive Stress

59
Q

Electrical currents stimulate

A

Osteoblasts (bone building cells)

60
Q

Bone is ___ in areas of low compressive stress

A

Reabsorbed

61
Q

High compressive stress yeilds ____ osteoblast activity and ___ bones

A

high, Strong

62
Q

Cartilage forming cells

A

Chondroblasts

63
Q

Young bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

64
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

65
Q

Bone dissolving cells

A

Osteoclasts

66
Q

Hormone, stimulates osteoclasts to secrete more bone dissolving enzymes

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

67
Q

Hormone, causes bones to break down and release Calcium into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis

A

PTH

68
Q

Hormone, secreted when there are low calcium levels in the bloodstream

A

PTH

69
Q

Hormone stimulates osteoblasts to add calcium and phosphate to the bone to maintain homeostasis

A

Calcitonin

70
Q

Hormone, secreted when there are high levels of calcium in the bloodstream

A

Calcitonin

71
Q

How many bones in the human adult body

A

206

72
Q

Blood clot, forms at site of bone fracture within 6-8 hours

A

Hematoma

73
Q

Repair fractured bones

A

Fibroblasts

74
Q

Remove dead damaged bone and remnants of hematoma

A

Osteoclasts

75
Q

Forms at site of fracture by chondroblasts, 2-3 weeks after fracture

A

Fibrocartilage Callus

76
Q

Limbs and fingers are what type of bone

A

Long

77
Q

Wrist bones are what type of bone

A

Short

78
Q

Cranial, sternum and ribs are what type of bone

A

Flat

79
Q

Coaxial, vertebrae, pelvic are what type of bone

A

Irregular

80
Q

Provide flexible movement of many parts of the body

A

Joints

81
Q

Bone stores which minerals

A

Calcium and Phosphate

82
Q

The formation of blood cells happen here

A

Bone marrow

83
Q

Supports and protects soft organs

A

Bone

84
Q

Skeleton organized into two groups

A

1) Axial
2) Appendicular

85
Q

Skeleton of midline of body

A

Axial

86
Q

Skeleton of the bones of the appendages and their attachment structures

A

Appendicular

87
Q

Structures that attach appendages to the body

A

Girdles

88
Q

Girdle that attaches arms to body

A

Pectoral girdle

89
Q

Girdle that attaches the legs to the body

A

Pelvic girdle

90
Q

Attachment for muscles of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx

A

Hyoid Bone

91
Q

Top jaw bone

A

Top Jaw

92
Q

Lower jaw bone

A

Mandible

93
Q

The only facial bone that moves

A

Mandible

94
Q

Air spaces with cranial and facial bones

A

Sinuses

95
Q

Hole in the skull that attaches the neck to the head

A

Foramen Magnum

96
Q

Protects spinal cord

A

Vertebral Column

97
Q

Regions of the Vertebral Column

A

1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal

98
Q

Region of the Vertebral Column, neck, 7 v

A

Cervical

99
Q

Region of the Vertebral Column, chest, 12 v

A

Thoracic

100
Q

Region of the Vertebral Column, small of back, 5v

A

Lumbar

101
Q

Region of the Vertebral Column, sacrum, 5v

A

Sacral

102
Q

Region of the Vertebral Column, coccyx, 4v

A

Coccygeal

103
Q

Cushion vertebrae, assist in movement and felxibility

A

Intervertebral disks

104
Q

How many ribs are “floating”

A

2

105
Q

attached to vertebrae but NOT attached to sternum

A

Floating ribs

106
Q

foot bones

A

metatarsals

107
Q

lower leg bones

A

tibia, fibula

108
Q

small leg bone

A

fibula

109
Q

upper arm bone

A

humerous

110
Q

knee

A

patella

111
Q

thigh

A

femur

112
Q

ankle

A

tarsal bones

Human Biology (14 decks)

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