Physiology Flashcards
Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia
The recovery of long-term memories following a TBI, in which distant memories are returned first.
What’s the difference between rods and cones in vision?
Cones- bright light, visual acuity and perception of color.
Rods- peripheral vision and vision in dim light.
What regions of the brain differ in size in children with comormid ADHD and Tourette’s DX from children with only Tourette’s Disorder and why?
Basel ganglia is the affected area that plays a role in motor learning, executive function, behaviors and emotions. Children with Tourette’s don’t all necessarily struggle with learning, impulse control and emotion regulation problems as those who have ADHD.
Diagnostic Criteria for Lewy bodies
- Fluctuating cognition that involves changes in attention and alertness
- Recurrent visual hallucinations
- Spontaneous Parkinsonism
Diagnostic Criteria for Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
- Perseverative, stereotyped, compulsive/ritualistic behavior (often put things in mouth and eating objects)
- Loss of judgment and social inhibition
- Lack of interest, apathy
- Changes in eating habits (sweets and carbohydrates)
List 3 regions of the prefrontal cortex and describe symptoms if these areas are damaged.
Ventromedial- poor decision-making, lack of empathy, blunted emotional responses, confabulation (He’s VACANT, a shell.)
Dorsolateral- defects in working memory(dolphins have a good memory), impaired judgment and insight, poor planning ability (He’s a DUMMY.)
Orbitofrontal- Impulsivity, aggression and antisocial Bx, inhibition, emotional lability. (He’s an #%^*)
List and defined the four dopaminergic pathways in the brain.
Mesolimbic – reward circuit that controls emotions, responsible for reward-seeking behaviors.
Mesocortical – involved in executive cognitive functions
Tuberoinfundibular– hormone regulation
Nigrostriatal- production of movement
Describe the James-Lang theory of emotion
First you perceive a stimulus, we respond to the stimulus with arousal and behavior, then we experience emotion as we become aware of our bodily reactions. It instead of thinking “we run because we’re afraid.” this theory says “we’re afraid because we run.”
What is “Anosognosia”
Caused by damage to the right parietal lobe, and his characterized by a lack of awareness of one’s own physical disability.
What anti-convulsant drug is prescribed often for those with bipolar disorder of not responded to lithium or cannot tolerate side effects?
Carbamazepine
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex
Anterior Mid-cingulate Cortex
What brain structure when damaged affects behaviors that look similar to alcohol intoxication, some of those being clumsiness and slurred speach.
Cerebellum
How is each hemisphere involved in emotion regulation and if one were damaged how would it present itself?
Left hemisphere processes, positive emotions can produce depression, emotional volatility, a.k.a. Catastrophic reaction
Right Hemisphere processes negative emotions and damage can cause inappropriate indifference and euphoria
What’s the main distinction between primary and secondary hypertension?
When the cause of elevated blood pressure is or is NOT known. Primary hypertension, the cause is unknown.
What is the patient HM surgery known for?
HM (Henry Molaison) had surgery to treat severe epilepsy which involved the removal of his medial temporal lobes and in result developed an inability to form new, long-term declarative memories.
What is the first line drug for GAD?
SSRIs and SNRIs are first-line drugs. However, when symptoms do not respond to these, the next drug of choice is buspirone and then next benzodiazepines.
What is risperidone used for?
To treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or irritability associated with autistic disorder.
What is valproic acid used for?
Epilepsy treatment across different seizure types, bipolar disorder management, and migraine prophylaxis.
What is propanolol used for?
High blood pressure, irregular, heartbeats, shaking tremors, and other conditions. It is also used to prevent heart pain and can be useful to help manage performance anxiety.
Lazarus’s Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
They distinguishes between three types of appraisal:
primary- interpretation of stressors
secondary- analysis of resources
reappraisal- overcoming of stress/coping