Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM & T2DM)

Question 1

(SGLT2) inhibitor

Answer 1

Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. They work by reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidney leading to lower circulating glucose. SGLT2 inhibitors cause glucosuria and are associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and candidal infections.

Question 2

sulphonylurea

Answer 2

Glimepiride is a sulphonylurea and acts by stimulating insulin secretion. This would also not be co-prescribed with another sulphonylurea, in this case, gliclazide.

Question 3

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

Answer 3

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors decrease the peripheral breakdown of incretins, thus increasing plasma concentration. Sitagliptin

Question 4

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione

Answer 4

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that acts by increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. It does not act via incretins. Pioglitazone is rarely prescribed due to the side effect and risk profile, especially its increased risk of bladder cancer.

Question 5

All diabetic patients require annual screening for… ( to look out signs for diabetic nephropathy)

Answer 5

albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) in early morning specimens