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BIOEE 1780 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Domain Bacteria includes organisms such as Escherichia coli and other familiar microbes.

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3
Q

Archaea

A

one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Archaea superficially resemble bacteria, but they are distinguished by a number of unique biochemical features

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4
Q

Eukarya

A

the third domain of life, characterized by traits that include membrane-enclosed cell nuclei and mitochondria. Domain Eukarya includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists (a general term for single-celled eukaryotes)

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5
Q

“Prokaryote”

A

a microorganism lacking a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes comprise two evolutionarily distinct groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea

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6
Q

Spirochetes

A

any of a group of spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are serious pathogens for humans

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7
Q

Chlamydias

A

a common STD that can cause infection among both men and women

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8
Q

Proteobacteria

A

major group (phylum) of bacteria

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9
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

a very large and diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes

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10
Q

Lyme disease

A

caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, common vector-borne disease

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11
Q

Syphilis

A

bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI)

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12
Q

E. coli

A

bacteria found in the environment, foods, and intestines of people and animals

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13
Q

Salmonella

A

bacterial infection is spread through contaminated food or water and affects the intestinal tract

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14
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae

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15
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis

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16
Q

Bacillus anthrax

A

caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis

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17
Q

Staphylococcus

A

caused by staphylococcus bacteria

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18
Q

Stromatolite

A

a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest known fossils

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19
Q

Domains

A

the three monophyletic branches of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)

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20
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide. (Contrast with chemoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoheterotroph.)

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21
Q

binary fission

A

Reproduction of a prokaryote by division of a cell into two comparable progeny cells

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22
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

The cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entire cell

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23
Q

Biofilm

A

A community of microorganisms embedded in a polysaccharide matrix, forming a highly resistant coating on almost any moist surface

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24
Q

Halophiles

A

A group of euryarchaeotes that live exclusively in very salty environments

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25
Q

horizontal (lateral) gene transfer

A

the transfer of genetic material — other than from parent to offspring — to another organism, sometimes a distantly related one, without reproduction. Once this material is added to the recipient’s genome, it can be inherited by descent
ether linkages (as synapomorphy for archaea) - The linkage of two hydrocarbons by an oxygen atom (HC—O—CH). Ether linkages are characteristic of the membrane lipids of the Archaea

26
Q

Gram-negative

A

Bacteria that appear red when stained using the Gram-staining technique. These bacteria have an outer membrane outside the relatively thin peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

27
Q

Gram-positive

A

Bacteria that appear blue to purple when stained using the Gram-staining technique. These bacteria have an outer cell wall consisting of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

28
Q

Cocci

A

Any of various spherical or spheroidal bacteria

29
Q

Spirilla

A

A bacterium that is shaped like a corkscrew

30
Q

Bacilli

A

Any of various rod-shaped bacteria

31
Q

Amoeba

A

(Amoebozoans)

32
Q

Alveolates

A

Unicellular and characterized by having sacs called alveoli beneath the cell membrane. They are photosynthetic and have chloroplasts which were acquired through secondary and endosymbiosis of a red algae

33
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Include famous genus Amoeba; Have lobe-shaped pseudopods (extensions of the cell that they use to move via cytoplasmic streaming)

34
Q

brown algae

A

(Stramenopiles) Large multicellular algae; secondary endosymbiosis; kelp

35
Q

Ciliates

A

(Alveolate) Characterized by being covered in cilia which are actually numerous short flagella that allow them to move through the substrate; unicellular but can be complex and multinuclear

36
Q

Diatoms

A

(Stramenopiles) Unicellular; Secondarily lost their double flagella; they deposit silica in their cell membranes

37
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

(Alveolate) Characterized by having two flagella, one in an equatorial groove, or middle groove around the cell, and the other is a longitudinally located flagellum; have a chloroplast that they acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis; they are endosymbionts of coral (which is a result of quaternary endosymbiosis); They are the source of red tide blooms; they are the source of flow-agitated bioluminescence

38
Q

Euglenids

A

(Excavates) Unicellular; photosynthetic euglenids that have mitochondria and a single large flagellum which you can see moving at the anterior end of the cell. They acquired chloroplasts as a result of secondary endosymbiosis of a green algae

39
Q

Excavates

A

Characterized by having reduced or lost mitochondria

40
Q

Giardia

A

(Excavates) Unicellular; Common intestinal parasite; have degenerate mitochondria and instead obtain their energy from their host

41
Q

Paramecium

A
42
Q

Plasmodium

A

(Alveolate) Cause of malaria; Unicellular intracellular parasites with vestigial chloroplasts; have a complex of proteins at the apical prominence which at the top of the cell which they use to attach to and penetrate the host cell

43
Q

slime molds

A

(Amoebozoans) Unicellular but multinucleated

44
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Have 2 flagella that are not of equal length and one of these flagella is covered in tubular hairs; use these flagella for movement but many taxa within the stramenopiles have secondarily lost their flagella; two main groups of stramenopiles (the brown algae and diatoms)

45
Q

Trypanosoma

A

(Euglenids) Unicellular; and have a single large mitochondria; deadly associated with trypanosoma are sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease, and Leishmaniasis

46
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts

47
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

The engulfment of a photosynthetic eukaryote by another eukaryotic cell that gave rise to certain groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes (e.g., euglenids)

48
Q

tertiary endosymbiosis

A

The mechanism by which some eukaryotes acquired the capacity for photosynthesis; for example, a dinoflagellate that apparently lost its chloroplast became photosynthetic by engulfing another protist that had acquired a chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis

49
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. Chloroplasts occur only in eukaryotes

51
Q

Alveoli

A

A semispherical outpocketing of the wall of an alveolar sac in the mammalian lung. The alveoli are the location of gas exchange between air and blood

52
Q

Flagella

A

A long, whiplike appendage that propels cells. Prokaryotic flagella differ sharply from those found in eukaryotes

53
Q

Pseudopods

A

An aggregate of individuals in cellular slime molds that act in a coordinated fashion to form a fruiting structure

54
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

A form of amoeboid movement in which a fluid cytoplasm moves and stretches the organism’s body in new directions

55
Q

Sleeping sickness

A

Human African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma, transmitted to humans by bites of tsetse flies (glossina) which have acquired the parasites from infected humans or animals.

56
Q

Chagas’ disease

A

caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors and is found only in the Americas

57
Q

Leishmaniasis, Malaria

A

a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe

58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A

BIOEE 1780 (9 decks)

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