L2Clinical Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Main bones

Answer 1

• Skull: cranium, mandible, maxilla
• Shoulder girdle: clavicle, scapula
• Arm: humerus, radius, ulna
• Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
• Chest: sternum, ribs
• Spine: cervical (7); thoracic (12); lumbar (5)
  sacrum (5 fused), coccyx
• Pelvic girdle: ilium, pubis, ischium
• Leg: femur, tibia, fibula
• Ankle: talus, calcaneus
• Foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

Brain

“Little brain”; coordination of
voluntary muscle movement

Question 3

Frontal lobe

Answer 3

Cognitive thinking

Question 4

Parietal lobe

Answer 4

Integrating sensory information

Question 5

Occipital lobe

Answer 5

Visual perception system

Question 6

Temporal lobe:

Answer 6

Primary auditory cortex

Question 7

Amygdala

Answer 7

Helps trigger the fight-or flight response

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

Center of emotion, memory and the autonomic nervous system

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

Get information from
outside the body; sensory nerve
impulses

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

Maintaining
homeostasis

Question 11

Corpus Callosum

Answer 11

Bridges the right and left hemispheres of the brain

Question 12

Skeletal Muscles

Answer 12

• Forces
• Levers
• Movement
• Stability

Question 13

Cartilage

Answer 13

Tough
Felxible
At the end of bone
Cushions

Question 14

Tendons

Answer 14

Attaches bone to muscle
Sturdy
Nonelastic
Size changes depending on muscle
Anchor

Question 15

Ligaments

Answer 15

Attaches bone to bone
Elastic
Stabilize
Made of many fibres
Strong

Question 16

Roles of Skin

Answer 16

First line of defense (physical barrier)
Waterproofing the body
Preventing fluid loss
Vitamin D synthesis
Sebaceous glands: Lubricate skin
Sweat glands: Regulate body temperature, excrete waste
Hair: Controls heat loss, sense receptor

Question 17

External ear

Answer 17

The auride, the audatory canal and the eardrum

Question 18

Middle ear

Answer 18

Formed by the 3 smallest bones in the body: The malleus, the incus, and the stapes

Question 19

Inner ear

Answer 19

Composed of cochlea. Filled with liquid, the cochlear canal has 20,000 ciliated cells (nerves that transmit the signals to the brain) in each ear

Question 20

Bones - Function

Answer 20

Fit together at joints, which allow movement

Question 21

Muscles - function

Answer 21

Move bones by extending or flexing a joint

Question 22

Nerves- function

Answer 22

Control the contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 23

Anatomical neutral position

Answer 23

Standing upright
Legs together, knees straight
Toes pointing forwards
Arms by the sides
Palms facing forwards

Question 24

Superior

Answer 24

Towardthe ehad or upper part of a structure or body

Question 25

Inferior

Answer 25

away from the head and towad the lower part of a structure or body

Question 26

Anterior

Answer 26

Toward or at the front of the body

Question 27

Posterior

Answer 27

Toward or at the back of the body

Question 28

Medial

Answer 28

Toward or at the middle of the body

Question 29

Lateral

Answer 29

Away from the midline of the body

Question 30

Intermediate

Answer 30

Between a more medial and lateral structure

Question 31

Proximal

Answer 31

Closer to the origin of the body part of point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Question 32

Distal

Answer 32

Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Question 33

Superficial

Answer 33

Toward or at the surface

Question 34

Deep

Answer 34

Away from the body surface

Question 35

Flexion

Answer 35

This movement decreases the angle between two body parts. For example, bending the elbow or bringing the knee closer to the chest.

Question 36

Extension

Answer 36

This movement increases the angle between two body parts. For example, straightening the elbow or knee.

Question 37

Abduction

Answer 37

This movement involves moving a body part away from the midline of the body. For example, raising the arms sideways away from the body.

Question 38

Adduction

Answer 38

This movement involves bringing a body part closer to the midline of the body. For example, bringing the arms back down to the sides from a raised position.

Question 39

Rotation

Answer 39

Rotation involves the movement of a body part around its own axis. For example, turning the head from side to side or rotating the arm at the shoulder joint.

Question 40

Circumduction

Answer 40

Circumduction involves moving a body part in a circular motion, where the distal end of the part moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable. For example, swinging the arm in a circular motion at the shoulder joint.

Question 41

Pronation

Answer 41

This movement involves rotating the forearm and hand so that the palm faces downwards or backwards. For example, turning the hand from palm facing up to palm facing down.

Question 42

Supination

Answer 42

This movement involves rotating the forearm and hand so that the palm faces upwards or forwards. For example, turning the hand from palm facing down to palm facing up.

Question 43

Inversion

Answer 43

This movement involves lifting the medial edge of the foot so that the sole faces inwards. For example, standing on tiptoe.

Question 44

Eversion

Answer 44

This movement involves lifting the lateral edge of the foot so that the sole faces outwards. For example, turning the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body.