Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What are characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease ?

Answer 1

Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

Question 2

Which psychological disorder has highest heritability ?

Answer 2

Schizophrenia

Question 3

Is dissociative disorder a personality disorder ?

Answer 3

NO (but borderline, antisocial and schizotypal are)

Question 4

What stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K complexes apart of ?

Answer 4

NREM 2

Question 5

what is external validity ? Which factors contribute to it?

Answer 5

external validity is the ability to generalize results to a larger population; factors: this comes from using a larger sample size, random sampling, and greater inclusion

Question 6

What is internal validity ?

Answer 6

Internal validity refers to the extent to which the experimental outcome (dependent variable) can be attributed to the experimental manipulation (independent variable)

Question 7

What is monoamine hypothesis ? How does it affect depression?

Answer 7

According to the monoamine hypothesis, depleted levels of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin are correlated with greater severity of depression

Question 8

What kind of neurotransmitters are glutamate and acetylcholine ? How do they affect depression?

Answer 8

EXCITATORY neurotransmitters. They DECREASE depression

Question 9

What kind of reinforcement schedules do slot machines (gambling) operate on?

Answer 9

A slot machine operates on a VARIABLE RATIO schedule; the gambler is rewarded with a payout for a winning sequence after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 10

Which psychological disorders do dopamine levels have an influence on?

Answer 10

Dopamine, the neurotransmitter most prominently implicated in addiction, plays an important role in *Parkinson’s disease
*schizophrenia
* depression

Question 11

Explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers

Answer 11

primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is inherently pleasant for the subject on a biological level (e.g., food), with no need for association with another reinforcer.
A secondary reinforcer, in contrast, has no biological significance for the subject and gains its reward value through association with a biologically pleasurable stimulus. Slot machine tokens are secondary reinforcers

Question 12

Which brain structures are part of limbic system? Function?

Answer 12

limbic system is a system of connected structures buried deep within the cerebrum( including the hippocampus, the amygdala the olfactory bulbs and the limbic lobe, )and is where most emotional experience and processin

Question 13

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 13

Lymphocytes are part of the cellular barrier PROTECTING the immune system. Lymphocytes, such as B cells and T cells, are specialized leukocytes (or white blood cells) and have specific tasks in protecting the body from attack

Question 14

What do antigens and immunogens do to immune system?

Answer 14

they ATTACK immune system

Question 15

What type of disorder is bipolar disorder ?

Answer 15

MOOD disorder

Question 16

What are the different anxiety disorders ?

Answer 16

obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (also generalized anxiety disorder)

Question 17

What type of defense mechanism (of Freud’s) is representative of avoidance coping?

Answer 17

DENIAL: which is defined as the outright refusal to admit to the existence of a painful experience and its effects.

Question 18

When is the diagnosis of ASD (Autism spectrum Disorder ) usually made ?

Answer 18

Usually the diagnosis of ASD is first made during toddlerhood, between 18 and 30 months of age

Question 19

What stage of sleep is associated with slow movement ? What kind of waves?

Answer 19

Stage 3, DELTA waves

Question 20

What stages of sleep are rapid (nonREM) ?

Answer 20

Stages 1 (theta waves ) and 2 (k complexes and spindles)

Question 21

What kind of waves are involved in rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 21

Beta waves

Question 22

What concepts are associated with humanistic theory?

Answer 22

unconditional postive regard/acceptance and congruity

Question 23

Which sleep disorders are parasomnias?

Answer 23

Sleep walking and night terrors

Question 24

which sleep disorders are dyssomnias ?

Answer 24

dyssomnias are sleep disorders in which there is an abnormality in the AMOUNT or quality of sleep; examples would be insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea