S.I. 6-8

Question 1

Enzyme

Answer 1

• are proteins and encoded by genes
• act on specific substrate and lower the activation energy
• Catalyst speeds up chemical reactions
• doesn’t change the reaction or products, not consumed in the process
• has the ending -ase
• temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors influence enzyme activity
• examples include: catalase test, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase

Question 2

Central dogma

Answer 2

DNA; can continuously do DNA replication (transcription) -> RNA (translation) -> Protein

Question 3

What are structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information?

Answer 3

Chromosomes

Question 4

What are segments of DNA that encode functional products

Answer 4

Genes

Question 5

What is all of the genetic information in the cell

Answer 5

Genome

Question 6

The physical features and functional traits of the organism

Answer 6

Phenotype

Question 7

Set of genes in the genome

Answer 7

Genotype

Question 8

T/F: a nucleoid is small molecules of DNA that replicate independently

Answer 8

False - this is for plasmids

Question 9

What determines the genotype of a cell

Answer 9

Proteins
RNA
DNA
Ribozymes

Question 10

T/F: in the central dogma, translation happens before transcription

Answer 10

• false

Question 11

What is the workhorse of transcription in prokaryotes?

Answer 11

RNA polymerase

Question 12

Hat is the workhorse of translation in prokaryotes?

Answer 12

Ribosomes

Question 13

Transcription happens where in prokaryotes?

Answer 13

The cytoplasm

Question 14

Here does transcription happen in eukaryotes?

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Translation - eukaryotes

Answer 15

1) the initiator goes to the tRNA which carries the initiator Amino acid methionine
2) attaches to the structure on the 5’ end and starts with the start codon AUG (then ribosome is added and initiation factors leave)
3) elongation -> a tRNA enters the A-site, then the anticodon of the incoming tRNA matches with the mRNA. any tRNA with improper anticodons they are kicked out.
4) eventually a peptide bond is made between the two amino acids that are there
5) the ribosome then moves forward and the cycle is repeated for each codon there is in mRNA
6) termination -> when one of the three stop codons reaches the A site. Then there is a release factor that binds to it so the polypeptide is released

Question 16

Translation -> prokaryotes

Answer 16

1) mRNA and tRNA work together to produce a elongated polypeptide chain
2) tetracycline inhibits the binding of amino acid tRNA to the 30s subunit (inhibit the first step in polypeptide formation)
3) Aminoglycosides distort the 30s subunit and void the binding of the 50s and 30s thus preventing the formation of the 70s ribosomal complex.
4) chloramphenicpl inhibits the peptidyl transfer enzymes and causes interference with polypeptide chains elongation.
5) erythromycin’s and clindamycin bind to teh 50s subunit and inhibit the translocation of amino acid ribosomes which also inhibits the elongation of the polypeptide chain.

Question 17

monotrichous
bacillus
pilus
fimbria
cytoplasmic membrane
endospore
inclusion bodies
ribosome

Answer 17

monotrichous - a singular flagellum
bacillus - the shape bacillus subtilis is likely to have
pilus - long, rigid tubular structure made for mating
fimbria - colonization of bacteria to host tissue
cytoplasmic membrane - regulate transport
endospore - associated with sporulation
inclusion bodies - store nutrients
ribosome composed of the large and small subunits
ribosome - composed of the large and small subunit