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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal mesoderm
a. epimere
b. promere
c. hypomere
d. mesomere

A

a. epimere

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2
Q

formation of cartilage

A

type ii chondrogenesis

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3
Q

true or false: the neural plate curves inward, forming the neural groove

A

false; neural groove -> neural tube

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4
Q

gives rise to the urogenital system

A

intermediate plate mesoderm

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5
Q

dorsal pathway migrate through the ___

A

dermis

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6
Q

cells of the neural plate are called

A

neuroectoderm

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7
Q

source of nourishment of the embryo

A

yolk

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8
Q

true or false: the neural plate will become the central nervous system

A

false; neural tube will become the CNS

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9
Q

part of the uterine wall is torn away at birth

A

deciduate placenta (in man)

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10
Q

its derivatives include ears, lens, nose, hydrophysis

A

otic and lens placodes

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11
Q

true or false: dorsal pathway migrates through the anterior half of each somite to become sensory ganglia

A

false; dorsal pathway -> ventral pathway

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12
Q

blood from splanchnic mesoderm form in two ways:

A

vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

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13
Q

true or false: intermediate plate mesoderm surrounds the neural tube

A

false; paraxial plate mesoderm

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14
Q

what are the two migration pathways of the lateral border or neural crest

A

dorsal and ventral pathway

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15
Q

intermediate mesoderm
a. mesomere
b. hypomere
c. none of the choices are correct

A

a. mesomere

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16
Q

dermis of the skin

A

dermatome

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17
Q

dermis of the skin
a. myotome
b. dermatome
c. sclerotome

A

b. dermatome

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18
Q

match
a. type i chondrogenesis
b. type ii chondrogenesis
1. formation of cartilage
2. secretion of collagen & proteoglycan

A

a - 2
b - 1

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19
Q

this forms itself from remainders of the primitive streak, the chordoma from that of the notochord

A

sacro-coccygeal teratoma

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20
Q

myotome
a. dermis of the skin
b. vertebral colum, ribs, & skull
c. striated skeletal muscles

A

c. striated skeletal muscles

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21
Q

shallow median invagination of the ectoderm of the head

A

stomodeum

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22
Q

true or false: neural tube gives rise to the peripheral nervous system

A

false; peripheral nervous system -> central nervous system

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23
Q

lateral to the somites, the mesoderm splits to form the

A

coelom

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24
Q

embryonic development of the nervous system

A

neurulation

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25
Q

what are the three parts of the mesoblast

A

paraxial, intermediate, lateral

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26
Q

this is the accumulation of cells along the midline

A

primitive streak

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27
Q

lateral plate mesoderm becomes divided into ____ and ____ mesoderm

A

somatopleural, splanchnopleural

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28
Q

match
a. nephrostone
b. pronephric duct
c. pronephric tubule
1. oviduct, vagina, uterus, epididymis
2. nephron
3. kidney tubules, collecting ducts, ureters

A

a - 2
b - 1
c - 3

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29
Q

how does the neural plate form

A

notochord and prechordal mesuderm induce ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate

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30
Q

the ____ and ____ are formed by laterally immigrating cells located in the primitive streak

A

mesoblast, endoblast

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31
Q

it is responsible for the induction of neural plate

A

transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)

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32
Q

fetal membrane simply peel away without tearing

A

contact placent

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33
Q

striated skeletal muscles

A

myotome

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34
Q

organizes cranio-caudal axis which causes re-specification of cranial segments to caudal ones by regulating expression of homeobox gene

A

retinoic acid

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35
Q

true or false: lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system

A

false; intermediate plate mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital system

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36
Q

comprises a group of syndromes that affect the lower extremities and the intestines

A

caudal dysplasia

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37
Q

pronephric tubule ->
a. nephron
b. kidney tubules, collecting ducts, ureters
c. oviduct, vagina, uterus, urethra ductus deferens, epididymis

A

b.

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38
Q

period of organogenesis; development of the 3 germ layers to different tissues and organs

A

embryonic period

39
Q

this is where the central nervous system will arise

A

neural tube

40
Q

mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms blocks called

A

somites

41
Q

what week does the period of organogenesis occur

A

3rd-8th week of development

42
Q

true or false: the induction of neuroectoderm represents the initial event in neurulation

A

true

43
Q

gives rise to oviduct, vagina, uterus, urethra ductus deferens, epidymis

A

pronephric duct

44
Q

surrounds the yolk and its continuous with the embryonic gut

A

yolk sac

45
Q

it becomes divided into the somatopleural and splanchnopleural mesoderm

A

lateral plate mesoderm

46
Q

secretion of collagen & proteoglycan

A

type i chondrogenesis

47
Q

odd one out
a. dermatome
b. nephrostome
c. sclerotome
d. myotome

A

b. nephrostome

48
Q

fate of the lateral plate mesoderrm (hypomere)

A

somatic mesoderm (somatopleure), splanchnic mesodderm (splanchnopleure), extraembryonic membranes (EEM)

49
Q

refers to the incomplete closure of the cranial folds of the neural tube

A

anencephalia

50
Q

true or false: BMP-4, if present, causes ectoderm to become mesoderm

A

false; ectoderm becomes epidermis

51
Q

this is the central indentation that appears in the neural plate as it begins to fold in on itself

A

neural groove

52
Q

give the derivatives of epimere

A

dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

53
Q

striated skeletal muscles

A

myotome

54
Q

respiratory organ for gas exchange

A

allantois / chorioallantoic membrane

55
Q

fluid filled sac surrounding the embryo for shock absorption and prevents dehydration

A

amnion

56
Q

true or false: sacro-coccygeal teratoma comprises a group of syndromes that affect the lower extermities and the intestines

A

false; sacro-coccygeal teratoma -> caudal dysplasia

57
Q

what are the derivatives of mesodermal germ layer

A

dorsa (epimere), intermediate (mesomere), lateral (hypomere)

58
Q

smooth muscles of the GI tract

A

splanchnopleure

59
Q

they become visible at the cephalic region by the time the neural tube closes

A

otic and lens placodes

60
Q

BMP-4, if present, causes mesoderm to beccome

A

intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm

61
Q

arise from the evagination of the archenterons towards the stomodeum

A

oral plate

62
Q

vertebral column, ribs & skull

A

sclerotome

63
Q

lateral mesoderm
a. epimere
b. mesomere
c. none of the choices are correct

A

c. ; hypomere

64
Q

incomplete closure of the caudal part of neural tube

A

spina bifida

65
Q

where laterally immigrating cells sink down to form deep layers of the mesoblast and endoblast

A

primitive streak

66
Q

from the edges of the neural groove, the ___ ___ are released

A

neural crest cells

67
Q

true or false: during the 5th week of its development, the epiblast experiences a number of complex changes that lead to differentiation of three germ layers

A

false; 3rd week

68
Q

2nd eem arises from cloaca as a large sac-like evagination; grows into extraembryonic coelom

A

allantois

69
Q

allantois + chorion =

A

chorioallantoic membrane

70
Q

provide the derivatives of the otic and lens placodes

A

ear, lens, nose, hypophysis

71
Q

it surrounds the neural tube and forms the somites

A

paraxial plate mesoderm

72
Q

neural crest cells develop along the ___ ___ of vertebrates and form various parts of the embryo (nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones, and so on)

A

neural tube

73
Q

sternum & distal parts of the ribs

A

somatopleure

74
Q

through the dermis, where they will enter ectoderm through hokes in teh basal lamina forming the melanocytes

A

dorsal pathway

75
Q

which blocks bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-4) and ventralizes ectoderm & mesoderm

A

transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)

76
Q

odd one out
a. lateral and ventral body wall of trunk and parietal peritoneum
b. sternum & distal parts of the ribs
c. gonads: testis & ovary
d. pectoral and pelvic girdles

A

c. gonads: testis & ovary

77
Q

new vessels arise from existing ones

A

angiogenesis

78
Q

through the anterior half of each somite to become sensory ganglia, sympathetic and enteric neurons, Schwann cells and cells of the adrenal medulla

A

ventral pathway

79
Q

true or false: anencephalia is due to the incomplete closure of the caudal part of the neural tube

A

false; anencephalia is due to incomplete closure of the cranial folds of the neural tube

80
Q

modified region of the eem lying in intimate assoc. w/ the female reproductive tract of viviparous vertebrates

A

placenta

81
Q

these three inactivates BMP-4 & causes neurulation

A

noggin, chordin, and follistatin

82
Q

these two induce caudal neurulation to form hindbrain or spinal cord

A

WNT-3a and FGF (fibrolast growth factor)

83
Q

provide the two derivatives of neural placodes

A

otic and lens placodes

84
Q

intermediate plate mesoderm gives rise to the _____ _____

A

urogenital system

85
Q

BMP-4, if present, causes ectoderm to become

A

epidermis

86
Q

vessels arise from blood islands

A

vasculogenesis

87
Q

paraxial plate mesoderm surrounds the ___ ___

A

neural tube

88
Q

sacro-coccygeal teratoma forms itself from remainders of the ___ ___

A

primitive streak

89
Q

incomplete closure in the ____ part of the neural tube results in spina bifida

A

caudal

90
Q

the largest part of the peripheral nervous system is generated from

A

neural crest cells

91
Q

appearance of the ____ and ____ mesoderm induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate

A

notochord, prechordal

92
Q

which two transitional structures can lead to developmental anomalies?

A

notochord and primitive streak

93
Q

fate of blastopore leads to formation of

A

cloaca and anal

94
Q

what are the fate of the intermediate mesoderm (mesomere)

A

nephrostome, pronephric tubule, pronephric duct

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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