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Neuro > (7) Paediatric Neurology > Flashcards

(7) Paediatric Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

When is the CNS most vulnerable to damage?

A

during periods of rapid changes such as when the areas of neural network are being formed

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2
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

present from birth

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3
Q

What are teratogens?

A
  • substances that cause congenital disorders in developing embryo
  • anything female exposed to or ingests during pregnancy that known cause foetal abnormalities
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4
Q

What is a cytomegalovirus?

A
  • infectious agent
  • if passed onto unborn may cause hearing loss, developmental & learning problems
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5
Q

What are some factors influencing development?

A
  • genetics & metabolic
  • chromosomal
  • CNS malformations
  • dietary
  • drugs & toxins
  • environment and social factors
  • utero infections
  • neonatal seizures or hypoxia
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6
Q

What causes genetic abnormalities?

A
  • caused by mutation in a single gene (monogenic), multiple genes (polygenic) or by chromosomal abnormality
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7
Q

When are symptoms of genetic abnormalities usually seen?

A
  • may give rise to neurological disorders from birth but others may not show symptoms for months or years
  • normal development followed by regression
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8
Q

What are examples of chromosomal disorders?

A
  • Down’s syndrome (additional chromosome 21)
  • Edward’s syndrome (additional chromosome 18)
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9
Q

What is involved in the maturation of the CNS?

A
  • myelination & regional brain maturation
  • changes in synaptic density
  • changes that occur postnatally including development learning & proprioception
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10
Q

What is the main cause of neurological disorders in childhood?

A

maldevelopment of the nervous system or as a result of adverse factors during pregnancy & birth

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of neurological disorders most common in children?

A
  • CP
  • Epilepsy
  • Complex learning disability
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12
Q

What are commonly encountered neurological conditions?

A
  • CP
  • epilepsy
  • traumatic brain injury
  • spinal injuries
  • genetic conditions
  • hydrocephalus
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13
Q

What are developmental coordination disorders?

A
  • children w/o TBI or CP who lack motor coordination to perform tasks that most children can
  • dyspraxia
  • difficulty attending more than “one thing” at a time
  • no genetic defect found
  • associated with premature birth
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14
Q

What are some neurological disorders of children?

A
  • CNS infection
  • Brain tumours
  • Serious head injury
  • TBI
  • ABI (acquired brain injuries)
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15
Q

What are common CNS malformations?

A
  • neural tube defect
  • microcephaly (smaller than normal head)
  • Chiari malformation
  • Dandy Walker Syndrome
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16
Q

What is Dandy Walker Syndrome?

A

congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum with enlargement of the 4th ventricle and partial or complete absence of the vermis of cerebellum

17
Q

What is microcephaly?

A
  • Abnormally small brain
  • motor deficits
18
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • enlargement of cerebral ventricles due to impaired CSF drainage
  • learning & language disorders
19
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A
  • smooth brain without normal central gyri
  • learning difficulties, hypotonia, epilepsy
20
Q

What is Porencephaly?

A
  • destructive changes in one cerebral hemisphere
  • hemiplegia, epilepsy, learning difficulties
21
Q

What is cerebellar hypoplasia?

A
  • maldevelopment of cerebellar hemispheres or vermis
  • ataxia, hypotonia, disordered eye mvmts
22
Q

What is chiari malformation?

A
  • cerebellar tonsils protrude through the foramen magnum
  • Type 1 asymptomatic, Type 2 occurs with spina bifida
23
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  • maldevelopment of lower spinal cord & vertebrae covered by skin
  • progressive unilateral foot deformity & weakness, neuropathic bladder
24
Q

What is Schizencephaly?

A
  • characterized by abnormal slits or clefts in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
25
Q

What is motor control?

A

the systematic transmission
of impulses from the motor cortex to motor units, resulting in coordinated muscular contractions

26
Q

What is motor development dependent on?

A
  • maturation of nervous system
  • individual coding
  • handling
  • environmental experiences
27
Q

What is motor development?

A
  • process of change in motor behaviour that is related to the age of the individual
  • includes age-related changes in both posture and movement, the two basic ingredients of motor
    behaviour
28
Q

What are the developmental milestones?

A
  • gross motor (sitting crawling)
  • fine motor (zips, buttons)
  • language (sounds to words)
  • play
  • cognition
29
Q

What is motor learning?

A

is a set of processes associated with a practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capability for responding

30
Q

What are the aspects of physiotherapy management?

A
  • Ax child’s abilities & disabilities
  • aim Tx enhance function and improve QOL
  • measurement of change of function over time
  • link knowledge
31
Q

What is involved in the physiotherapy developmental Ax?

A
  • age appropriateness of fine & motor skills
  • neurological status
  • msk status
  • postural & balance reactions
  • sensorimotor / perceptual Ax
  • motor skill ability & coordination
32
Q

What are risk factors for neurological impairment?

A
  • neurological
  • respiratory
  • cardiac
  • metabolic
  • genetic
  • neonatal orthopaedic problems
  • childhood acquired brain injury
  • haematology / oncology
33
Q

What are standardized Ax for paediatric neurological conditions?

A
  • Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)
  • Bayley Scale for Infant and Toddler Development
  • GMFCS (mobility)
  • Movement ABC (delays or impairment motor development)
  • Paediatric balance scale
34
Q

What are some treatments that can be used for this population?

A
  • normal movement based
  • tone normalisation
  • recruitment of activity
  • attainment of function
  • minimization of orthopaedic complications
35
Q

What are some tools that may be used?

A
  • mirrors
  • balls
  • wedges
  • standers
  • assistive devices
  • hydrotherapy
  • adaptive equipment
  • orthotics

Neuro (11 decks)

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