Unit 4 Learning Flashcards
Associative learning
learning about the relationship between two separate stimuli; behavior can be learned or unlearned based on the response it generates
- contains classical and operant conditioning
Behavioral perspective
a branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with the environment.
- It is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which is a process of reinforcement and punishment.
Behaviorism
The bigger category/idea that Behavioral perspective falls under
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is one of those unconscious learning methods and is the most straightforward way in which humans can learn
- the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli
Environmental determinism
the view that behavior is determined or caused by forces outside the individual.
- Environmental determinism posits that our behavior is caused by previous experience learned through classical and operant conditioning.
Instrumental conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
-Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is prone to happen less.
Law of effect
when a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently
-Edward Lee Thorndike researched and published the law of effect.
Operant conditioning
a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
-Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is prone to happen less.
Acquisition
refers to the initial stage of learning or conditioning. It’s the process where a new behavior is introduced and gradually strengthened, leading to a conditioned response
-In simpler terms, it’s the “acquiring” of a new knowledge or behavior.
Conditioned response (CR)
The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
-Example: the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.
Condition stimulus (CS)
when a neutral object, action, or person is connected to a specific response over time.
-Example, the sound of a bell is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment, and the dogs salivating would be the conditioned response.
Consequences
a consequence in psychology is a response to behavior that modifies the behavior.
-Punishment is one type of consequence, but there are several others including reinforcing behaviors that increase the likelihood of behaviors.
Contiguity
theory of contiguity emphasizes that the only condition necessary for the association of stimuli and responses is that there be a close temporal relationship between them.
-Example, if one constantly sees a knife and a fork together they become linked
Extinction
extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing.
- In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops. For example, imagine that you taught your dog to shake hands. Over time, the trick became less interesting.
Garcia effect
a phenomenon in which conditioned taste aversions develop after a specific food becomes associated with a negative reaction, such as nausea or vomiting.
-The Garcia effect was discovered by Dr. John Garcia in the 1950s