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Nutri Sci > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system

A

Series of organs coordinated to facilitate nutrient intake and uptake

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2
Q

Mouth

A

Saliva
Moisten food
Mucus
Amylase

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2
Q

Stomach

A

Acidic
Protease enzymes (pepsin)
Gastric lipase (FA)
Intrinsic factor (B12)
Contractions grind and mix food

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2
Q

Gastric emptying

A

Regulated movement from stomach to SI

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2
Q

Small intestine

A

Primary site of digestion and absorption
Bile acids

Muscles (longitudinal, circular)
Rich blood supply
Microvilli

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2
Q

Liver

A

Produce bile acids (stored in the gallbladder)
Process nutrients

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2
Q

Pancreas

A

Produce digestive enzymes and insulin
Release bicarb

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3
Q

Swallowing

A

Reflex initiated by movement of food from mouth to pharynx

Reflex closes the epiglottis over the larynx

Want to prevent food from ending up in airways or nasal passages

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4
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Closes off upper esophagus

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5
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Closed distal end of the esophagus
Blocks reflux of the stomach contents back into the esophagus

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6
Q

Chyme

A

Stomach digested food

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7
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

Lower esophageal sphincter is loose
Stomach contents reflux back up into esophagus (constant)
Acid content irritates lower esophagus
Can wear away the lining, detrimental

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8
Q

Drugs for GRD

A

Antacid neutralizes the acid
Block acid secretion
Proton pump inhibitor

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9
Q

Lumen

A

Inside of small intestine
Where the food/contents are
Collectively called the mucosa

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10
Q

Villi

A

Small folds
Rich blood supply
Lined with a single layer of epithelial cells

Increase surface area
Increases interaction with food

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11
Q

Crypt cells

A

Complex organization of cells as a result of the villi structure
Crypts of cells that do not project out into the lumen

Stem cells that replenish them are at the bottom of the crypt
Cells migrate from crypt up the lumen

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12
Q

Enterocytes

A

Majority of cells
Digestion and absorption

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13
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucin

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14
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Hormone selection

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15
Q

Paneth Cells

A

Immune monitoring

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16
Q

Large intestine

A

Receives food residue from small intestine
Large population of bacteria
Absorb water and minerals
Beginning to form fecal matter

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17
Q

Regularity depends on

A

Microbiome
Food intake
Genetics

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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates function of visceral organs
Unconscious functions

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19
Q

GI hormones

A

Small polypeptides
Released in response to meals
Travel to different regions of the digestive system to regulate GI function

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20
Q

What do hormones do

A

Regulation of GI motility
Epithelial cell growth
Regulated to maintain homeostasis
Secretion of various chemicals

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

Sweeping motion
Propels food forward
Sequential contractions
Swallowing, stomach, small sections of small intestine

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22
Q

Segmentation

A

Circular muscle in small intestine
Closely spaced contractions in discrete areas of the intestine

Increase contact with mucosal surface

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23
Q

Mass movement

A

Large intestine
Contractions that occur over a large area of intestine
Move waste towards the rectum

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24
Q

Salivary glands

A

Release saliva in the mouth
Easies swallowing, breaks down some carbs

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25
Q

Gastric glands

A

Produce gastric juice in the stomach
Uncoil proteins, enzymes break down proteins, mucus protects stomach cells

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26
Q

Pancreas excretion

A

Produces pancreatic juice
Bicarb neutralizes acidic gastric juices
Enzyme break down carbs, fats, proteins

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27
Q

Liver’s job

A

Produce bile for the gallbladder

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28
Q

Gallbladder

A

Release bile to the small intestine
Emulsify fat

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29
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Product intestinal juice
Enzymes break down protein, fat, lipids
Mucus protects intestinal wall

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30
Q

Carb digestion

A

Starts in the mouth
Salivary amylase
Break down alpha 1,4 bonds

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31
Q

Carb digestion SI

A

Uses amylase from the pancreas
Converts amylose and amylopectin to dextrins (broken down by brush border)

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32
Q

Brush border

A

Organization of microvilli on enterocytes
Microvilli membrane is studded w/ glycosidases

Food pushes against the border during contractions

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33
Q

Carb absorption

A

Only absorb monosaccharides

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34
Q

GLUT2

A

Basal transporter
Moves monosaccharides out of the enterocyte and into the blood
Facilitated transport

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35
Q

SGLT1

A

Transport glucose and galactose
Active transport
Need NRG

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36
Q

GLUT5

A

Transport fructose
Faciliated transport

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37
Q

Protein digestion

A

Starts in the stomach
HCL uncoils
Pepsin breaks into pieces

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38
Q

Protein digestion SI

A

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarb

Hydrolyze peptide bonds → oligopeptides

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39
Q

Protein absorption

A

Brush border peptidases hydrolyze oligopeptides (AA, mon/di/tri peptide)

Transported across the intestinal cell membrane

Active and facilitated transport

Transporters move the AA and small peptides out of the basal region + into the blood

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40
Q

Lipid digestion

A

Starts in the stomach
Gastric lipase (TG –> FFA + monoglycerides)

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41
Q

Lipids SI

A

Bile acids and lecithin from gallbladder

Pancreatic lipases work with protein co-lipase to hydrolyze TG

Emulsification of fat droplets gives lipases access

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42
Q

Micelles

A

Form from monoglycerides and FFA surrounded by bile acids
Give lipids access to epithelial cells

Vitamin absorption

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43
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Make glycogen, triglycerides, protein
Require NRG

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44
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Breakdown glycogen, triglycerides, protein
Releases NRG

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45
Q

Glucose used for

A

Metabolism
Stored as glycogen
Convert to fat for storage
Distribute to the rest of the body

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46
Q

Glycolysis

A

1 glucose → 2 pyruvate
Cell uses 2 ATP to go through glycolysis
Gains 4 ATP (2 Net) per glucose

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47
Q

Fats (cell level)

A

TG broken down and absorbed as FA

Packaged as lipoproteins
Processed through the liver
Beta oxidation

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48
Q

Proteins (cellular)

A

Broken down and absorbed as single AA
Processed through the liver
Don’t generally use for NRG

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49
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

All NRG yielding nutrients can be broken down to acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA can enter CAC or be used to make fat
Electrons are carried to electron transport chain

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50
Q

Feasting

A

Person eats excess of NRG needs
Body stores glycogen and fat

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51
Q

Fasting

A

Nutrients from a meal are no longer able to provide NRG
2-3 hours after a meal
Body draws on glycogen and fat stores

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52
Q

Fasting beyond glycogen depletion

A

Glycogen stores dwindle
24 hours of starvation
Break down protein sources to synthesize glucose

Liver convert fats to ketone bodies

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53
Q

Caloric restriction

A

Decrease in food intake from what an organism would eat on its own
Increase lifespan
Model of delayed aging

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54
Q

Neutral balance

A

Energy in = energy out
Maintain weight
Consumed = burned

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55
Q

Positive balance

A

Energy in > energy out
Gain weight
Primarily stored as fat

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56
Q

Negative balance

A

Energy in < energy out
Lose weight

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57
Q

NRG stores

A

Gain weight: stored as fat b/c it is essentially endless storage

Adipose tissue TG = greatest tissue depot of NRG

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58
Q

Gross NRG

A

From bomb calorimeter

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59
Q

Digestible NRG

A

Gross NRG - fecal NRG loss

60
Q

Metabolizable NRG

A

Diegstable NRG - urinary and gaseous NRG loss

61
Q

Caloric content of macronutrients

A

Protein/carb = 4 kcal/g
Fat = 9 kcal/g

62
Q

Non biological factors (NRG in)

A

Accessibility
Geographical
Socioeconomic, income
Culture
Family
Climate
Time
Etc

63
Q

Biological factors (NRG in)

A

Hunger
Satiation
Appetite
Satiety

64
Q

Hunger

A

Physiological response (to nerve signals and hormones) after a lack of sufficient food

65
Q

Satiation

A

Sensation that prompts the cessation of eating during a meal
Feel full while you are eating, acute

66
Q

Appetite

A

Desire to eat

67
Q

Satiety

A

Feeling of fullness and satisfaction that persists after a meal
Feeling between meals, occurs over time

68
Q

CCK

A

Protein hormone
Station response
Stimulate gallbladder to contract → bile acids

69
Q

GLP1

A

Released from SI
Satiation signal
Release insulin independent of blood glucose levels

70
Q

Leptin

A

Protein hormone released from adipose
Interact w/ receptor in hypothalamus
Satiety signal
Concentration related to concentration of adipose

71
Q

Ob/ob mice

A

Mutation in gene that encodes leptin
Don’t produce leptin
Have a receptor and can respond

72
Q

Db/db mice

A

Mutation in gene responsible for coding leptin receptor
Produce leptin
Can’t respond

73
Q

Gas exchange

A

Most accurate and most complicated
Measure O2 consumed and CO2 expelled to digest macronutrients
Works b/c different macronutrients require different amounts of CO2 and O2

74
Q

Gas exchange comparisons

A

Fat = most O2, CO2
Carbs = equal CO2 and O2
Protein = 2nd most O2, least CO2

75
Q

EER

A

Only works for people ≥ 19 years old
Different inputs for men and women
Derived from population data, uses averages

76
Q

EER factors

A

Age (NRG expenditure decreases)
Physical activity (NRG expenditure increases)
Weight (NRG expenditure increases)
Height (NRG expenditure increases)

77
Q

Fitness wearables

A

Uses velocity and heart rate measurements
20-90% margin of error
Cool to look at

78
Q

Physical activities

A

Everything above basal metabolism
Chewing gum to all out competitive sports

79
Q

Basal metabolism

A

NRG required to exist, keep the lights on
Breathing, heart rate

80
Q

Homeostatic regulation of core body temp

A

Core needs to resist temp changes

Heat and cold

81
Q

Cold but not freezing

A

NST
Adaptive thermogenesis players
Metabolic rate increases, don’t depend on shivering
Mediated by adipocytes

82
Q

ST

A

Metabolic rate increases
Use shivering (muscle contraction) to generate heat

83
Q

White adipocytes

A

NRG storage depot
Not cool

84
Q

Brown adipocytes

A

Start out as a different cell → brown adipocytes
Very special, very cool

85
Q

Brite or beige adipocytes

A

Come from white adipocytes
Gain extra functions
Used to not be cool → become cool

86
Q

Brown and beige adipocytes

A

Have increased mitochondrial density
Uncouple the electron transport chain

87
Q

BMI equation

A

weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

88
Q

Underweight

A

BMI < 18.5

89
Q

Normal

A

18.5 - 24.9

90
Q

Overweight

A

25-29.9

91
Q

Obese

A

30-34.9

92
Q

Extremely obese

A

BMI > 35

93
Q

Obesity has been continuously increasing in the US

A

Obesity is a driver of every chronic disease
Public health systems will be more burdened

94
Q

Hydro densitometry

A

Weight of person in water compared to on land

Difference provides a measure of the body volume

Not as accurate as other methods

95
Q

Air displacement plethysmography

A

Measure air displaced by a person’s body

Can tell body fat

96
Q

Bioelectric impedance

A

Measures body fat using electric current
Leaner the person = less resistance
Look at conduction of tissues

97
Q

Dual X-ray absorptiometry

A

Uses X-rays to differentiate lean body mass from fat and bone tissue
Precise measurement of total fat and distribution
Gold standard

98
Q

Skinfold

A

Estimate body fat
Gauge thickness of a fold of skin
Compare with standards

External only

99
Q

Fed state

A

Insulin > glucagon
Favor NRG storage
Blood glucose is elevated
Glycogen storage increases

100
Q

Postabsorptive state

A

Insulin decreases
Glucagon increases
Blood glucose decreases
Liver glycogen breakdown
Increase use of FA for NRG

101
Q

Fasting state

A

Glucagon > insulin
Liver glycogen = depleted
Gluconeogenesis
TG broken down, use FA for NRG
Ketone formation, ketogenesis

102
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Decreased insulin production
Increased glucose due to low insulin
Muscle unable to use glucose
Behaves as if there is low glucose

103
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Failure to respond to insulin
Sufficient insulin secreted
Muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance

104
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted from the pancreas (beta cells)
Response to elevated blood glucose levels

105
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted from alpha cells
Response to low blood glucose

106
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen breakdown; glucose production

107
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose breakdown; forming two molecules of pyruvates
ATP production without oxygen (anaerobic energy metabolism)

107
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triacylglycerol (triglyceride) to fatty acids and
glycerol

107
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

107
Q

Proteolysis

A

Breakdown of protein to amino acids

108
Q

Transamination/Deamination

A

Transfer/ removal of amino group from the amino acids

108
Q

Citric Acid cycle

A

A central metabolic pathway, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2 and
generating reducing equivalents (NADH + H, FADH2), and GTP
(ATP)

108
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

A series of coupled processes in which reducing equivalents are
oxidized, and the resulting proton gradient enables ATP
production

108
Q

Gluconeogensis

A

Glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate sources

108
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Formation of ketones from acetyl-CoA

109
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen

109
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and formation of triacylglycerol

109
Q

Protein breakdown products

A

AA –> pyruvate, acetyl CoA, CAC

109
Q

TG breakdown

A

Glycerol –> pyruvate
FA –> acetyl CoA
Alcohol –> acetyl CoA

110
Q

Dietary Factors modulating glycemic responses

A

Quality
Quantity
Glycemic index/load
Type and amount of carvs
Fiber
Fat, protein
Timing

111
Q

Host Factors modulating glycemic responses

A

Digestion and absorption
Insulin sensitivity
Insulin secretion
Physical activity
Lean body mass
Previous meal
Microbiome

112
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts of metabolic reactions
Substrate binds to active site → complex → transformation → release

113
Q

Cofactors and coenzymes

A

Derived from vitamins and minerals
Combines with the enzyme to form an active enzyme

114
Q

Epiglottis

A

Blocks the larynx
Protects airways during swallowing

115
Q

functions of muscles in the digestive system

A

Segmentation
Peristalsis
Sphincter contractions

116
Q

Water soluble nutrients

A

Absorbed across enterocytes
Released into the blood
Deliverd to the liver
via the portal vein

117
Q

Secretion and motility coordinated by

A

Hormonal system
Nervous system

118
Q

Starch enzyme

A

Pancreatic amylase

119
Q

Dextrins enzyme

A

Isomaltase

120
Q

TG enzyme

A

Lipase

121
Q

Protein enzyme

A

Pepsin

122
Q

Nutrient with largest diff btwn gross and metabolizable NRG

A

Vitamins

123
Q

Orlistat

A

Decreases digestible NRG
of foods with fat

124
Q

Insulin decreases blood glucose by

A

Increase uptake in adipose
Increase uptake in muscle
Increase lipogenesis
Increase glycogenesis

125
Q

FA can be made from

A

AA
Glucose
Acetyl CoA
Ethanol

126
Q

Overexpression of UCP1

A

Increase NRG expenditure

127
Q

Catabolic reactions to generate ATP

A

In all cells
Break down macronutrients
Consume O2
Release ATP, CO2, H2O

128
Q

Anabolic reactions to store NRG

A

Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis

129
Q

Anabolic during catabolic states

A

Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Long term fasting

130
Q

Glycolysis

A

Split glucose into 2 x pyruvate
Generate ATP and NADH

131
Q

Cori cycle

A

Liver produces pyruvate via glycolysis
Convert pyruvate to lactate to regenerate coenzyme
Lactate in muscle → liver → convert to glucose → return to muscle

132
Q

Lipolysis

A

Glycerol can be used to make pyruvate
FA can be turned into Acetyl CoA

133
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Need carnitine and CoA
Cleave FA into 2 carbon units
Each cleavage = 1 NADH + 1 FADH2

134
Q

Glucogenic AA

A

Used to synthesize glucose
Or can enter the citric acid cycle directly

135
Q

Ketogenic AA

A

Converted directly to acetyl CoA

136
Q

Transamination

A

Keto acid + AA → keto acid + AA

137
Q

Deamination

A

Make ammonia + keto acid

138
Q

Alcohol digestion

A

Absorb as early as stomach
Liver catabolizes
Alcohol → acetyl CoA

139
Q

CAC

A

Acetyl CoA = input
Oxaloacetate = needed to bring Acetyl CoA in

140
Q

ETC

A

Passing e- releases NRG to pump H+
H+ gradient powers ATP synthase
Water formed

141
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Liver and muscle

142
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Liver and adipose
Take any substrate

Can be made from proteins, carb, fat

143
Q

Gluconeogenesis substrate

A

Lactate
Glycerol
AA
Need oxaloacetate

144
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Start with acetyl CoA
Builds up due to gluconeogenesis

Nutri Sci (10 decks)

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