Chapter 5.1

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

-our awareness of internal and external stimuli
-our subjective awareness of the world

Question 2

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 2

-cyclical changes that occur on a 24-hour basis
-hormone release
-brain waves
-body temperature
-drowsiness

Question 3

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 3

-biological clock
-in the hypothalamus
-controls our level of alertness
-signals pineal gland to release melatonin

Question 4

Average Amount of Sleep Needed/Day

Answer 4

-7-10 hours
-infants need 16h

Question 5

Sleep Deprivation

Answer 5

-missing a period or restful sleep
-over one or more days

Question 6

Sleep Debt

Answer 6

-accumulated sleep loss over multiple days

Question 7

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Answer 7

-darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep

Question 8

non-REM Sleep

Answer 8

-stages 1-4 when rapid eye movements do not occur
-dreaming is less vivid and frequent

Question 9

Before Sleep

Answer 9

-you are active then get drowsy

Question 10

Beta waves

Answer 10

-brain waves
-12-13 cycles/second
-awake and alert

Question 11

Alpha Waves

Answer 11

-brain waves
-8-12 cycles/sec
-relaxed and drowsy

Question 12

Stage 1: Light Sleep

Answer 12

-lasts only 5-10 mins
-changes from alpha/beta waves to THETA waves
-myoclonic jerks and hypnagogic imagery
-confused state of mind

Question 13

Theta Waves

Answer 13

-slow brain waves
-4-7 cycles/sec

Question 14

Hypnagogic Imagery

Answer 14

-scrambled, bizarre, dream-like images
-in and out of consciousness

Question 15

Myoclonic Jerks

Answer 15

-sudden jerky movements
-startled or falling limbs

Question 16

Stage 2 Sleep

Answer 16

-lasts 10-25 mins
-brain waves slow down even more
-sleep spindles
-K-complexes
-heart rate slows
-body temp. decreases
-muscles relax
-eye movements cease

Question 17

Sleep Spindles

Answer 17

-sudden intense electrical activity bursts
-12-14 cycles/sec

Question 18

K-complexes

Answer 18

-sharply rising and falling waves

Question 19

Stage 3 and 4 Sleep

Answer 19

-10-30 mins
-slow wave sleep - delta waves
-important stages in feeling rested
-Stage 3 - 20-50% delta
-Stage 4 - 50%+ delta

Question 20

Delta Waves

Answer 20

-slow waves
-0.5-2 cycles/sec

Question 21

Effect of Alcohol

Answer 21

-suppresses delta sleep

Question 22

Stage 5: REM sleep

Answer 22

-brain is most active
-vivid dreaming
-20-25% of our nights sleep
-increased heart rate and blood pressure
-body is paralyzed

Question 23

Dreaming

Answer 23

-in both REM and NREM, more in REM

Question 24

Order of Sleep Cycle

Answer 24

-1,2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, REM, 1, 2…

Question 25

Lucid Dreaming

Answer 25

-experience of becoming aware you are dreaming when asleep

Question 26

Insomnia

Answer 26

-difficulty falling and staying asleep
-may wake too early in morning or during the night
-night routine can help fix
-treatment: sleeping pills or psychotherapy

Question 27

Narcolepsy

Answer 27

-rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
-may be: genetic, brain damage, lack of orexin hormone
-treated by: modafinil, orexin replacement

Question 28

Sleep Apnea

Answer 28

-blockage of airway during sleep
-results in daytime fatigue
-treatment: weight loss, tonsil removal, CPAP machine

Question 29

Night Terrors

Answer 29

-sudden waking episodes
-screaming, sweating, confusion
-return to deep sleep prior to
-occurs in many children

Question 30

Sleepwalking

Answer 30

-walking while fully asleep
-sleep deprived people more likely to sleepwalk

Question 31

Dreams

Answer 31

-help process emotional memories
-integrate new experiences
-learning
-simulating threats to better cope in real life
-consolidate memories

Question 32

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

Answer 32

-dreams are the guardians of sleep
-normally controlled impulses come to the surface and can disturb sleep
-dream work disguises impulses and transforms then into wish fulfillment symbols

Question 33

Manifest Content

Answer 33

-the things we experience in dreams
-Freud

Question 34

Latent Content

Answer 34

-the hidden meaning behind our dreams
-Freud

Question 35

Activation Synthesis Theory

Answer 35

-dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons
-forebrain attempts to weave into a story
-dreams attempt to make sense of random signals during REM

Question 36

Neurocognitive Theory

Answer 36

-dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities
-these shape what we dream about

Question 37

Dream Continuity Hypothesis

Answer 37

-there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences
-dreams mirror life circumstances

Question 38

Forebrain and Dreaming

Answer 38

-a theory in dreaming
-doesn’t answer the “why?”