Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are developmental scientists named
Developmentalists
Name the 5 stages of childhood
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
What are the tree domains of child development?
Physical Cognitive Social Emotional.
Who invented the theory of the psychoanalytic theory and explain it briefly.
Theory of the unconscious
Sigmund Freud
Ego (reality testing, Superego (Moral imperatives), ID (Wish fulfillment)
Ego is Psychological component
Superego is Social component
ID is biological component
What are the 5 stages of development according to Freud’s theory?
State the age they happen at and their erotic focus, key tasks and later personality.
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral: 0-1, Mouth (sucking, biting)
Anal: 2-3, Anus (expelling or retaining feces)
Phallic: 4-5, Genitals (Masturbating)
Latency: 6-12 Sexually repressed
Genitals: 13+ Genitals (being sexually intimate)
Briefly Explain Behaviourism and its creators. (2)
Psychology = study of observable behaviour, Behaviour = any overt response or activity
- John B. Watson (1878-1958)
- B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
- Behaviourism: “born under Watson, flourished under Skinner”
- Skinner based his work on Pavlov and Watson
Give an example of classical conditioning and state who invented it.
Pavlov
The dog and whistle theory:
BEFORE CONDITIONING
1) Unconditioned Stimulus=Unconditioned response
2) Neutral stimulus= No conditioned response
3) Neutral stimulus+ unconditioned stimulus=unconditioned response
4) Conditioned stimulus= Conditioned response
Learning Theory.
What is learning?
Name the learning theories
Any durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience.
Behaviourism: Classical Conditioning, Operant conditioning, Observational learning
Resume Classical Conditioning
(Unconditioned stimulus v.s. Unconditioned response)
Classical Conditioning: Key concepts
* Unconditioned stimulus (US)
* Stimulus that provokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
* What was the US in Pavlov’s experiment?
* Unconditioned Response (UCR)
* An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without
conditioning
* What was the UCR in Pavlov’s experiment?
Resume classical conditioning
(Conditioned stimulus v.s Conditioned Response)
Classical Conditioning: Key concepts
* Conditioned stimulus (CS)
*Previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, comes to provoke a
conditioned response
*What was the CS in Pavlov’s experiment?
* Conditioned Response (CR)
*A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of conditioning
*What was the CR in Pavlov’s experiment?
What is Operant conditioning?
- Learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
- Establishing a pattern of behaviour through
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- 1930s – named and described by BF Skinner
Explain the principles of operant conditioning. (Reinforcement, Punishment)
Positive: Applies stimulus
Negative: Removes stimulus
Reinforcement: Increases the frequency of desirable behaviour.
Punishment: Decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour.
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
What is Observational learning, state who invented it.
Bandura
- Not all behaviour learned through
conditioning…much of what we know
we learn through OBSERVATION - An organism’s response is influenced
through the observation of others
(models) - OR also called “social modelling”
What is attachment theory?
Biologically wired to want to be with others.
Name two age linked theories
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development (Believes that development continues all throughout life)
Jean Piaget: Cognitive development
