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History > History - Renaissance > Flashcards

History - Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

What caused the plagues

A
  • rats infested with fleas
  • flow of people and goods (silk roads and caravans)
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2
Q

Why did Europeans believe the Black Death occurred

A
  • seen as punishment from god or devil. Flagellants flogging each other
  • Jews accused of causing plague. programs to exterminate jews in Europe. (effects of crusade)
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3
Q

Flagellants

A

men and women parading across Europe flagging (beating with whip or stick) each other

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4
Q

what does renaissance mean and where did it begin

A
  • rebirth of classical antiquity
  • greco roman culture
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5
Q

features of renaissance

A
  • urban society
  • secular spirit (not religious)
  • increasing wealth = more worldly pursuits
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6
Q

Leon Battista Alberti

A

“men can do all things, if they will”
“l’uomo universale”
- birth doesn’t dictate life, education and culture does

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7
Q

pertrach

A
  • father if renaissance humanism
  • intellectuals movement based on studying Latin and Greek classics
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8
Q

liberal arts

A

study of grammar, debate/speaking, philosophy, and history “the humanities”

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9
Q

Civic Humanism

A

in Florence, put studies to the use of society and gov’t

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10
Q

Nicolo Machiavelli

A
  • better to be feared than loves, strict, hard and strong. be a good lier (pope)
  • criticizes the Italians for hiring mercenaries because they were unreliable
  • says men are dishonest, cowardly, ungrateful, greedy
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11
Q

four horsemen of the apocalypse

A
  • war
  • plague
  • famine
  • death
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12
Q

pogroms

A

mass violence, attacks on jewish communities

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13
Q

economic consequences - renaissance

A
  • trade declined
  • shortage of labor -> rise in wages
  • decline in population
    • serfs could demand freedom, but other peasants forced into serfdom
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14
Q

the good qualities of a ruler must have

A

-piteous
- faithful
- humane
- having integrity
- religious

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15
Q

portolani

A
  • detailed charts drawn by navigators and mathematicians
  • flawed due to their lack of account for earth’s curvature
    • knowledge over the actual shape of the earth and how to measure it only discovered from experience
    • cartography was developed to the point of europeans having fairly accurate knowledge of the world in the late 1400s
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16
Q

caravels

A

ships
- mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare
- large enough to be armed with heavy cannons and carry substantial amounts of goods
- navigational aids
-compass (Chinese)
-astrolabe (adapted by Arabs, invented by greeks)

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17
Q

role of prince Henry in Portugal taking the lead in exploration

A

founded a school for navigators in 1419

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18
Q

Vasco de Gama

A
  • founded the cape of good hope (tip of Southern Africa) and stopped at several muslim merchant controlled ports of east Africa
    • voyage sponsored by Portuguese crown to destroy muslim monopoly over spice trade
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19
Q

triangular trade

A

Europe -> Africa -> new world
- slave owners in americas paid for their slaves with sugar pr by products such as rum or molasses exported to European buyers
- europeans purchased slaves from local African merchants in exchange for gold, guns, or European manufactured goods such as textiles, or copper or iron utensils
- local African rulers also saw slaves as a source of income, invaded defenseless local villages to find slaves to sell

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20
Q

middle passage

A

voyage from Africa to the americas.
- 1/5 died from diseases or malnourishment
- sexual violence, women raped on ships

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21
Q

medicis

A

bankers and rulers of europe

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22
Q

Herman cortes

A
  • defeated the Aztecs
  • kidnapped their leader moctezuma, brought diseases the natives didn’t have immunity to, allied with the tlaxcallan state
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23
Q

Francisco pizarro

A

expedition between 1531-1536, crushed the Inca empire
- already weakened by diseases from europeans brought earlier

24
Q

what crops did latin American and Caribbean plantations produce

A
  • coffee
  • cocoa
  • sugar
  • tobacco
24
Q

encomienda system

A
  • European settlers received grants of land and could collect tribute from indigenous peoples and use them as laborers
  • had responsibilities to protect Indians, instead Spanish settlers abused the Indians and forced them to word in mini gold or silver or work on sugar plantations
  • spaniards given land from the crown
    • natives “provided” to work the land
    • in return, Europeans converted natives to christians
      Bartoleme de las casas suggest another source of labor (started African slave trade)
25
Q

the columbian exchange

A
  • exchange between Europe and americas facilitated by the arrival of Christopher Columbus
  • plants, animals, diseases
26
Q

exploration

A

gold, god, glory

27
Q

Petrarch

A
  • recovered forgotten latin manuscripts
  • began the humanist emphasis on the use of pure classical latin
  • new models for writing
    -Cicero was a model for prose
    • Virgil was a model for poetry
28
Q

Johannes Gutenburg

A

first true author with books produced from moral medal type
- 40,000 printed
- encouraged scholarly research
- stimulated readings
- new religious ideas
- printing allowed Europe to compete with china

29
Q

Desiderius erasmus

A
  • believed christianity should be a guiding philosophy on how to live daily life
  • contrasted to medieval church’s insistence of dogmatic beliefs and practices
30
Q

Martin luther

A
  • believed that humans are solely saved by their faith in the promises of god which were made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross
  • monk and professer
  • obsessed with how one knows when they are saved
  • justification through faith
31
Q

the main point of the ninety-five theses

A

sale of indulgences were corrupt and not christian

32
Q

peasant revolt of 1524 - who did luther side with and why

A
  • German princes
  • luther was more socially and economically conservative
  • believed the German princes were to maintain peace and order, therefore they had to crush the rebels
33
Q

Ulrich Zwingli

A
  • loss of imagery
  • more catholic traditions abolished
    -saint veneration, pilgrimages, monasticism, pope’s authority not recognized
34
Q

Zwingli vs luther on last supper

A

Zwingli
- believed lord’s body and blood should be taken figuratively not literally
Luther
- believed it is literally christ’s body and blood

35
Q

anglican church

A
  • declared that the “only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” was the king
  • not much changed, didn’t affect regular church administration
  • let king Henry divorce and remarry
  • act of supremacy
36
Q

indulgences

A

could be purchased to remit one’s time in purgatory (waiting to go to hell or heaven)

37
Q

protestantism

A

bible is the ultimate authority, salvation through faith

37
Q

new religious services - luther

A

-bible reading
- preaching the gospel
- hymns

38
Q

transubstantiation

A

the bread and wine transform into christs body and blood

39
Q

John calvin

A

predestination
- wealth is a signifier of their predestination

40
Q

predestination

A

god “elects” who is “saved” or “damned
even before birth

41
Q

Nicolas Copernicus

A

heliocentric theory (the sun is the center of the universe)
- believed planets revolved around the sun

42
Q

how Kepler helped support the copernican system

A
  • first law of planetary motion
  • stated that the planets make elliptical orbits around the sun with the sun at one focus of the eclipse
43
Q

Galileo Galilei

A
  • discovered that the universe was composed of material similar to earth rather than a perfect, unchanging substance
44
Q

locke’s impact

A

denied the existence of innate ideas, everyone was born with a tabula rose (blank slate)

45
Q

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan

A
  • men are equal
  • desire of power ceases in death
  • war will be the state of man without a central power
  • absolute monarchy
46
Q

John Locke’s Two Treatises of Civil Government

A
  • state of anarchy that man can do as man pleases without regard of man
  • nature is state of equality where no one has more power or authority over another
  • 3 inalienable rights
    -life
    -liberty
    -property
47
Q

philosophies

A

intellectuals of enlightment

48
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • king should be involved in everything
  • complete control
  • absolute monarchy
  • a world without government “a state of nature” would be “war of all against all”
  • Social Contract: the people cede rights to their sovereign for the sake of safety and order
  • division of authority leads to conflict and instability
49
Q

John locke

A
  • essay concerning human understanding
    -tabula rosa: blank slate
    • same abilities, depends on whee tou are born and raised
    • humans modeled by environment
  • Two Treaties of government
    -state of nature is equality
    • inalienable rights: life liberty, property
    • under the social contract, the people have the right to revel if their rights are infringed
50
Q

Montesqieu

A

Spirit of the laws
-3 types of government
-republic
-monarchy
-despotism
-Seperation of Powers (checks and balances)
-Executive
-judicial
legislative

51
Q

voltaire

A

“crush the infamous thing”
-religious fatalism, intolerance and superstition
Deism

52
Q

Adam Smith

A

“wealth of nations” 1776
-capitalism
-laissez faire: free to do
-governments job
-protect
-defend
-public works
LIBERALISM

53
Q

Rousseau

A

“discourse on inequality”
-property = inequality
“the social contract”
-“general will” people agree to be governed
-if Leaders put their individual will over general will they should be forced to comply
-Emile
-childhood is its own phase

54
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

-a vindication of the rights of women
-women are inferior to men because they lack education
-died of childbed fever giving birth to daughter, Mary Shelley

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