Evolutionary Theory Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the unit called which makes up DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

A sugar group, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases

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3
Q

What part of meiosis is most like mitosis? Explain.

A

Meiosis 2, both Mitosis and Meiosis 2 have sister chromatids.

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4
Q

What is a homologous pair and where do they come from

A

A pair of chromosomes containing the same genes. One homologous comes from the male parent and one from the female

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5
Q

Explain what a sister chromatid is.

A

Identical copies of a single chromosome that are attached to eachother. They are duplicated.

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6
Q

What are genes and where do you find them?

A

Genes are responsible for producing the proteins that run everything in our bodies. They are in the chromosome which is made up of DNA, molecules that contain genetic info

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7
Q

How are sister chromatids different from a homologous pair?

A

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a single chromosome. Homologous pairs are similar in shape and size but have different versions.

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8
Q

Explain what separates in a cell during Meiosis 1 and what is separating in during Meiosis 2?

A

In Meiosis 1, Homologous pairs of cells are separated into chromosomes. In Meiosis 2 the chromosomes separate into Sister chromatids.

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9
Q

What are different variations of a gene called?

A

An allele

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10
Q

The genes that are present in our chromosomes are collectively called what?

A

Genome

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11
Q

How these genes are expressed or seen is called our…

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

How many alleles for each gene are present in a gamete (sex cell)?

A

One allele

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13
Q

What is the term used to describe the number of chromosomes in a cell?

A

Haploid number

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14
Q

Explain how changing a nucleotide in your DNA can lead to evolution

A

If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce

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15
Q

What are three examples of a phenotypic characteristic?

A

Height, eye colour, and blood type

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16
Q

Where would you find the alleles for a particular genetic trait, such as eye colour?

A

In homologous pairs/corresponding pairs

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17
Q

How many cells are produced during each stage of meiosis?

A

Two cells in Meiosis 1, 4 cell in Meiosis 2.

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18
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?

A

Four daughter cells

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19
Q

If you have 40 chromosomes in your skins cells, what would the ploidy of your gametes be?

A

N=20

20
Q

What are daughter cells called?

A

Gametes (egg, sperm)

21
Q

What is haploid number of an organism with 20 chromosomes in their eye cells?

A

N=10

22
Q

Explain why Meiosis is necessary during the process of sexual reproduction.

A

Must separate homologous pairs to insure that each gamete only has 1 allele for each gene. crossing over to increase genetic diversity

23
Q

An organism which has two of the same alleles for the same gene is said to be…?

A

Homozygous

24
Q

An organism which has two different alleles for the same gene is said to be…?

A

Hetrozygous

25
Q

Upon what factor does Natural Selection act?

A

On Phenotypes or Physical characteristics.

26
Q

(BLANK) is when different species develop similar traits as a result of living in similar environments.

A

Convergent evolution

27
Q

When many different species evolve from a common ancestor, often due to a change in the environment, such as resources, it is called..?

A

Divergent evolution

28
Q

What is mutualistic co evolution

A

When two species reciprocally affect each others evolution. When one species develops an evolutionary advantage it triggers a change in a closely associated species.

29
Q

What is mutualistic coevolution?

A

Evolution in which both organisms benefit from each other.

30
Q

What is competitive coevolution?

A

Competitive coevolution can lead to an arms race, in which two populations reciprocally drive one another to increasing levels of performance and complexity

31
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Is the process where unrelated species, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

32
Q

What is Divergent evolution

A

Is a process In which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

33
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

If a population isn’t evolving there is genetic equilibrium, meaning the allele frequencies are the same.

34
Q

What conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium?

A
  • No natural selection
  • Stay mating within the population
  • Neither migration or mutation are bringing new alleles to the population
  • Very large population size (lowers effect of genetic drift)
35
Q

What is Genetic Mutation?

A

A change in our DNA sequence due to mistakes when the DNA is replicated or environmental changes.

36
Q

What can happen if there is a change in the Nucleotide Sequence?

A

Potentially creates new alleles for a trait which can result in new genotypes and phenotypes

37
Q

What is Sexual Selection?

A

Another mode of natural selection, other things being equal, organisms more proficient in securing mates have higher fitness

38
Q

How can Gene Flow (or Gene Migration) occur?

A

Occurs when genetic information from one population moves to another population.

39
Q

How does Genetic Drift occur?

A

Occurs when chance or random events cause changes in the allele frequencies within a population.

40
Q

What is the “Bottle Neck” effect?

A

When a population size is reduced for at least one generation.

41
Q

How does the Founder Effect occur?

A

Occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population.

42
Q

What are the 4 variations of Evolution?

A
  • Mutation
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural Selection
43
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

When an organism adapts to their environment to have a higher chance of survival.

44
Q

What are Beneficial phenotypes?

A

New alleles that make an organism more “fit” or better suited for survival.

45
Q

What mechanisms can effect changes in alle frequencies?

A

Selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift