Microbiology Bacteria

Question 1

Function of cell membrane

Answer 1

Thin flexible membrane which regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell

Question 2

Function of Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Fluid component of a cell. Contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds. It facilitates movement within the cell and chemical reactions

Question 3

Function of nucleoid region

Answer 3

An area containing a circular strand of DNA (full genome). This DNA contains information essential for life and reproduction

Question 4

Function of ribosome

Answer 4

Site of protein synthesis, found suspended in the cytoplasm

Question 5

Function of plasmid

Answer 5

Single ring of DNA which can replicates independently of the DNA in the nucleioid region. It contains genetic information not essential for life

Question 6

Function of capsule

Answer 6

It’s a protective outer layer. It protects bacteria from toxic compounds and desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces and to escape the immune system of the host

Question 7

Function of endospore

Answer 7

Intracellular spores which form in response to harsh environmental conditions. They have a resistant coating or wall, which protects the dormant cell until conditions improve. Only members of domain bacteria form them

Question 8

Function of pilus

Answer 8

Assists in attaching to other surfaces and aids in genetic recombination during conjugation( connects 2 bacteria together so that genetic information can be transferred

Question 9

Function of Flagellum

Answer 9

If present, there can be one or many, it’s whip like motion causes movement of the cell

Question 10

Function of cell wall

Answer 10

Rigid non living layer which protects the cell and gives it shape and support. In domain bacteria it contains peptidoglycan

Question 11

What is the function of a methanogen and where do they live?

Answer 11

Produce methane as a metabolic byproduct, live in anaerobic environments(no O2)

Question 12

Where do thermophiles or thermoacidiphiles live?

Answer 12

In extremely hot(over 90 degrees) and acidic pH 2 water

Question 13

Where do extreme halophiles live?

Answer 13

They live in very salty environments

Question 14

What are the three bacterial shapes and names?

Answer 14

Cocci(spherical), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (corkscrew shape)

Question 15

In bacteria colonies there are three types what are they?

Answer 15

Diplo, meaning two bacteria stuck together. Strepto meaning a chain or a filament. Staphlo, meaning a cluster or sheets

Question 16

What is binary fission?

Answer 16

It’s a form of asexual reproduction, DNA replicates then DNA copies go to opposite ends of the cell and then invagination of the cell membrane occurs then synthesis of a new cell wall and the result is 2 genetically similar daughter cells.

Question 17

What is conjugation?

Answer 17

Bacteria’s version of sexual reproduction. A long bridge or pili forms between 2 bacteria, one with a donor and one without (recipient), a whole or partial plasmid is transferred from the donor to the recipient

Question 18

What is endospore formation?

Answer 18

When conditions for growth are unfavourable bacteria will produce an endospore within the cell and become dormant

Question 19

What is a Heterotroph

Answer 19

Heterotroph bacteria derive energy from organic compounds. They decompose dead and decaying plants and animal remnants and help in biodegration, this happens outside the cell(extracellular digestion)

Question 20

What’s the function of an autotroph?

Answer 20

Produce their organic compounds from inorganic materials such as CO2

Question 21

What is a photoautotroph?

Answer 21

Use photosynthesis to produce compounds that can be used as energy for other organisms or itself

Question 22

What is Cyanobacteria?

Answer 22

Green blue algae, they contain chlorophyll used in photosynthesis and it produces 20% of the oxygen in the biosphere

Question 23

What the function of a chemoautotroph?

Answer 23

Aquire nutrients through chemosynthesis, inorganic material is synthesized into new compounds(food) and it can be used as energy for other organisms or itself

Question 24

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 24

Symbiosis is a relationships between organisms of two different species living in close physical proximity

Question 25

What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

Answer 25

Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism

Question 26

What is mutualism?

Answer 26

A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

Question 27

What is commensalism?

Answer 27

One organism benefits(+) and the other gets nothing(0) but is not harmed

Question 28

What is parasitism?

Answer 28

A symbiotic relationship when one organism benefits(+) and the other is harmed(-)

Question 29

What the function of an antiseptic?

Answer 29

They inhibit microbe growth or destroy them, they do not cause harm to the living tissue and are used in wounds, cuts, infections and affected skin

Question 30

What is the function of a disinfectant?

Answer 30

They destroy microbes, causes harm to living tissue and they are used to disinfect bathrooms, drains and floors

Question 31

What is the function of an antibiotic?

Answer 31

Are substances produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms such as bacteria

Question 32

What is the function of decomposers?

Answer 32

Break down dead and decaying matter, releasing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus among other things, back into the environment for plants to use

Question 33

What is the Zone of Inhibition?

Answer 33

The zone of inhibition is the area around each antibiotic disc where the bacteria can’t grow.

Question 34

What is the function of a producer?

Answer 34

They are the basis of food chains and food webs, cause detrimental blooms in lakes and ponds and have a key role in the nitrogen cycle as N-Fixers

Question 35

What is the function of a producer?

Answer 35

They are the basis of food chains and food webs, cause detrimental blooms in lakes and ponds and have a key role in the nitrogen cycle as N-Fixers

Question 36

What does the Zone of Inhibition do?

Answer 36

the zone around the antibiotic disc that doesn’t let more grow on it, the larger the zone the more effective the antibiotic is on this type of bacteria.

Question 37

where are probiotics found?

Answer 37

oral & intestinal cavities

Question 38

What do Pathogens do?

Answer 38

Cause disease in plants and animals

Question 39

What are Pathogens used for?

Answer 39

pest control

Question 40

What do Probiotics do to pathogens and toxin producing bacteria?

Answer 40

slows the growth