attachment Flashcards
Key ideas on Bowlbys attachment theory?
-attachment has evolved due to survival and reproductive benefits
-innate drive to attach to parents-due to long term benefits
-innate characteristcs of drives= things that we are born with(product of genetics)
-innate drive to attach to parent= is imprinting
What does Bowlbys evolution theory consist of?
-innate tendency to form attachment to parent
-tendency is adaptive advantage to survive
-critical period= how infants form attachments
ASCMI
-adaptive= makes us likely to survive-safe,food, warmth
-social releasers= unlock innate tendency for adults to care for them
1.physical= baby face and proportions
2.behavioural= crying,cooing
ASCMI
part 2
-crtitical period= up to 2 and a half years
if not formed attachment causes irreversible damage long term
e.g depression, aggressive, delingquency
-monotropy= first attachment is special e.g mother, primary caregiver
What are the two laws that are part of monotropy?
law of continuity= the more consistent a childs care is the better their atatchment
law of accumaltion= seperation from mother is negative ‘and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose’
ASCMI
part 3?
internal working model
-special mental schema
-childs future adult RS will be based on primary attachment
Evaluation begins: how is validity of monotropy challenged?
-lack validity
-babies later form multiple attachments
-first attach appears stronger
-but not very different from other attachments
-other attachments from family can also provide well e.g safe base
-incorrect to think theres a unique quality w only first attachment
support for social releasers?
-cute baby baby behavior elicts interaction from caregiver
-Brazelton et al= observed babies trigger interactions w adults
-primary attachments figures then instructed to ignore them
-babies became distressed & motionless
-so social realeasers are important in emotional development
the internal working model? evaluate
-bailey et al= assesed attachment in 99 mothers and their 1 yr old
-assesed attachment of the mothers to their own parents
-assesed baby attchment quality
-mothers w poor attachment to parents most likely had poor w babies
counterpoint to internal working model
-other factors are being disregarded
-e.g anxiety socially in babies and adults
-may impact parenting
-bowlby may have overestimated the importance of internal working model
what would the feminists say about bowlbys theory?
- the laws of continuity and accumaltion have negative effects on babies emotions if seperated from mum
-mothers may take the blame for things going on with their child
-restricts some mums going to work
(at the time bowlby said this tho, mothers werent as necessary,they even believed fathers could take on the role
but there is some real world app to bowlbys ideas= key workers building attachment to particular babies.)
What is the aim and procedures of the strange situation
-aim = observe key attachment and assess babys attachment to caregiver.
-procedure = controlled ob ; lab and 2 way mirror
(watched in 7 diff scenarios lasting 3 mins)
whats is being assessed?
-promixity seeking
-exploration + secure base
-stranger anxiety
-seperation anxiety
-response to reunion
what is proximxity seeking?
-infant stays close to caregiver
what is exploration + secure base?
-good attachment allows child to feel comfortable to explore
what is stranger anxiety?
-anxiety when stranger approaches
what is seperation anxiety?
-protest at seperation from caregiver
what is response to reunion?
-child reacts upon being re united with caregiver
what percentage are infants of each type of attachment in the UK?
-TYPE B = secure 60-75%
-TYPE A = insecure avoidant 20-25%
-TYPE C = insecure resistant 3%
What are the characteristics of secure attachment?
-explore happily
-regularly go back to caregiver (secure base)
-moderate separation/stranger anxiety
-accept comfort in reunion stage
type B
what are the characteristics insecure avoidant?
-little effort to make contact in reunion
-explore freely
-dont seek proxmixity or secure base
-little/no reaction when caregiver leaves
-little stranger anxiety
-type a
what are the characteristics of insecure resistant?
-type c
-seek greater promixity
-explore less
-high lvl stranger/seperation anxiety
-resist comfort when re untied
Evaluation of strange situation
Validity?
-predicts number of aspects of babys later development
-type B tend to have better outcomese e.g do better in school
-secure attachment tend to have better MH in adulthood
-insecure resistant and those not in type A,B OR C may have worse outcomes
- strange situation therefore has meaningful measurements of babys development
Evaluation of strange situation
counterpoint validity?
-some psychologists dont believe it measures attachment
-kaganc suggests anxiety lvls may account for variety in attachment in the SS
- may not accurately measure attachment
Evaluation of strange situation
good reliability
-good inter rater reliability
-BICK ET AL= observers agreed in attachment type in 94% of cases
-controlled conditions
-promixity seeking and stranger anxiety are large observable movements and crying and crawl
-SS doesnt rely on subjective judgements so can be repeated
Evaluation of strange situation
culture bound
-valid only some cultures
-diff culture = diff experiences
-Takahashi studied babies displayed high lvls of seperation anxiety so disproportional number seen as insecure resistant
-but high anxiety due to the Japanese culture (mother and baby seperation is rare)
-hard to know what its measuring out of europe and US
Evaluation of strange situation
other attachment types?
-identified a type D
-type D a mix of resistant and avoidant
-type D unusual with severe neglect and abuse
-psychological disorders in adulthood
what is individualist community?
-western, inpendance, importance on individual
what is communist community?
-interdependance, work together, share, childrearing, groups live and work together
key point of the cross cultural variations in attachment?
-bowlby suggests attachment enhances survival
-secure attachment should then be most common for all despite culture (attachment is innate)
-if not every culture has secure attachment then attachment isnt innate and actually due to child rearing methods
what is the middle ground in cross cultural variations attachment?
-variation between cultures related to specific cultural child rearing practices but some common ground e.g dominance of secure attachment
step one of SS?
-care giver takes infant into lab room to explore
-tests exploration and secure base
step two of SS?
-stranger enters and approaches the infant
-stranger anxiety
step three of SS
-the caregiver leaves unobtrusively and stranger interacts with infant
-tests separation and stranger anxiety
step four of SS
-caregiver returns and stranger leaves
-tests reunion and exploration/base
step five of SS
-caregiver leaves so infant is alone
-tests separation anxiety
step six of SS
-stranger enters and interacts w infant
-stranger anxiety
step seven of SS
-caregiver returns and greets infant
-tests reunion behavior
what did Van ljzendoom and kroonenberg do?
-study to look at secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant
-look at variations within cultures
-32 studies of SS
-8 countries
-1990 children
-meta analysed(analysed and weighed up)
what were Van ljzendoom and kroonenberg findings?
-wide variation in attachment
-secure common
-proportion varied = 75% britain and 50% china
-individualist countries under 14%
-collectivist above 25%