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GCSE History > America Unit 3 > Flashcards

America Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the American dream?

A

The idea that everyone in the USA has the chance to be successful and happy if they work hard

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2
Q

What happened in America after WWII?

A

There was an economic boom

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3
Q

Why was there an economic boom after WWII?

A

There was still mass production of goods after the war ended
America was sending out goods to other countries
Employment was still high

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4
Q

What is affluence?

A

The state of having a great deal of money, wealth, prosperity and opportunities

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5
Q

Who wasn’t affluent in post war America? Why?

A

African Americans - their housing was underfunded
Native Americans - they had to live in reservations
Other minorities

ALL OF THESE LIVED BELOW THE POVERTY LINE

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6
Q

Who was affluent in post war America?

A

Mainly white middle class families - suburbs were built, they could live the American dream

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7
Q

Was post war America truly affluent?

A

Yes for white middle class Americans
No for many minorities that were overlooked

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8
Q

What Bill helped American not have a recession post war? What year?

A

Bill of Rights, 1944

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9
Q

How much money had been spent by the early 1950s on education, housing and loans for Americans who served in the war?

A

$13 billion

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10
Q

Why did population increase in post war America?

A

America was prosperous again and economy was booming - people could afford to have children

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11
Q

What happened as a result of the population increase in post war America?

A

There were homes mass produced in suburbs - like ‘Levittowns’

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12
Q

What is consumerism?

A

The increased purchasing of products and goods

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13
Q

Why was consumerism fuelled in post war America?

A

The economy was booming - people had more money
Growth of the suburbs and a desire to have the American dream
Things became popular like cars so demand rose

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14
Q

What is the poverty line?

A

The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life

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15
Q

When did Truman become president?

A

1945

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16
Q

What was Truman’s version of the ‘New Deal’ called?

A

The Fair Deal

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17
Q

What did Truman do in his Fair Deal?

A

Desegregated the military through Executive Order 9981 in 1948
Doubled the minimum wage - 40 cents to 75 cents
Created a commission to investigate problems of racial injustice in America

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18
Q

What did Truman not do in his Fair Deal?

A

Didn’t introduce a national health insurance scheme - rejected by Republicans in congress
Didn’t get civil rights laws passed in Congress - because of southern Democrats

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19
Q

What did the term teenager mean during post war America?

A

Young people who rebelled against societal expectations, they had money and lots of free time

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20
Q

Who was the Rock’n’roll icon in post war America?

A

Elvis Presley

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21
Q

What type of music became popular in post war America?

A

Rock’n’roll
R&B

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22
Q

Who listened to R&B? Why was this significant?

A

White teenagers - R&B was sang by African Americans

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23
Q

How many percentages of homes in America had a TV by 1960?

A

Around 87%

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24
Q

Why did the amount of TVs owned by Americans increase in post war America?

A

Their prices fell - became more affordable and people had this extra money to spend
They replaced the radio as a key source of entertainment and news

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25
Q

What changed for the film industry in post war America?

A

Films were now made in colour and were in a widescreen format
There were gimmicks - e.g. 3D

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26
Q

Who was considered a glamorous film star in post war America?

A

Marilyn Monroe

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27
Q

Who was considered a rebellious film star in post war America?

A

James Dean

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28
Q

How many hit singles did Elvis Presley have?

A

170

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29
Q

Who were WASPs?

A

White Anglo Saxons Protestants - the ideal Americans

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30
Q

3 reasons why there was a second red scare in post war America?

A
  1. Many Eastern European countries were occupied by the USSR & became communist & China became communist in 1949 - domino theory
  2. 1945 - Cold War began - threat of nuclear war
  3. There was evidence of spying in America - thought Soviets would threaten their economic recovery and quest for the ‘American dream’
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31
Q

Who admitted to being a Soviet spy in America? Who did she admit this to?

A

Elizabeth Bentley - admitted it to the HUAC

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32
Q

What does HUAC stand for?

A

House of Un-American Activities Committee

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33
Q

Why was the HUAC set up?

A

To set investigate communist involvement in government, education and film industries - Soviet spies were secretly in this e.g. Elizabeth Bentley

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34
Q

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

A

A senator from Wisconsin

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35
Q

What did Joseph McCarthy do during the second red scare?

A

He started a campaign against possible communism using half truths, rumours, smears and lies
Accused many people of being communist - most of these were outrageous accusations

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36
Q

Who did McCarthy accuse of being communist? What was the Americans reactions to this?

A

Some officers in the US army - people believed he had gone too far

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37
Q

Who was J. Edgar Hoover?

A

Director of the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

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38
Q

What did J. Edgar Hoover do during the second red scare?

A

Made FBI keep files on around 1 million suspects
Used phone trapping and other methods of surveillance to investigate civil rights leaders

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39
Q

How many communist suspects did the FBI have on file?

A

Over 1 million

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40
Q

When did Truman introduce loyalty programmes and security checks in the federal government? Why?

A

March 1947 - to make sure that they weren’t spies

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41
Q

Which 2 people were executed for sharing American secrets with the USSR? When?

A

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1953

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42
Q

When was the HUAC set up?

A

1938

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43
Q

When did Joseph McCarthy claim he had a list of over 200 ‘known communists’?

A

February 1950 - claimed he had over 200 people who he ‘knew’ were communists

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44
Q

When did McCarthy accuse some of the army as being communist?

A

In 1954 during an investigation

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45
Q

What does NAACP stand for?

A

The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

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46
Q

When was the NAACP set up?

A

1909

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47
Q

What was the main aim of the NAACP?

A

To make lynching illegal

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48
Q

Who were some members of the NAACP?

A

Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King

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49
Q

When was Brown v Board of Education?

A

1954

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50
Q

Why did Brown v Board of education begin?

A

An African American girl - Linda Brown - had to travel for a long time and cross dangerous rail tracks to get to school instead of attending a nearby ‘white’ school

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51
Q

What happened during Brown v Board of education?

A

The Supreme Court voted in favour of the case - schools were no longer segregated

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52
Q

How did Brown v Board of Education advance the civil rights movement?

A

Schools were no longer segregated
Lives for African American children improved

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53
Q

How did Brown v Board of Education hinder the civil rights movement?

A

Only helped segregation in schools
Created racism in schools between black and white students

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54
Q

When was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

1955

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55
Q

Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycotts begin?

A

Montgomerys bus service was segregated - whites at the front and blacks at the back, black people also had to give up their seat for a white person if necessary
Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up for a white man in 1955 - she was then arrested

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56
Q

What happened during the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A
  1. The civil rights movement helped make the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association)
  2. Boycotted the use of buses to get publicity
  3. The bus service lost 65% of income
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57
Q

How did the Montgomery Bus Boycotts advance the civil rights movement?

A

Showed that through non violent direct action - lives can be changed

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58
Q

How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott hinder the civil rights movement?

A

Black people weren’t allowed to use buses during Rosa parks trial
Took a year for a law to be passed in Montgomery for desegregation on buses

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59
Q

When was Little Rock Nine?

A

1957

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60
Q

Why did Little Rock Nine start?

A

Arkansas still didn’t integrate schools as order by the Supreme Court

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61
Q

What happened during Little Rock Nine?

A
  1. 1957 - Supreme Court ordered governed of Arkansas to let 9 African American kids into the high school in Little Rock
  2. Governor ordered the state troops to stop the students from attending the school
  3. Governor eventually backed down when President Eisenhower sent troops to protect students to go into the school
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62
Q

How did Little Rock Nine advance the civil rights movement?

A

Showed the president and Supreme Court were on the civil rights movements side - gave them hope and led to more protests

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63
Q

How did Little Rock Nine hinder the civil rights movement?

A

Black people were put to harm over attending the school
The African American children who went to the school were severely bullied

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64
Q

How long did the Montgomery bus boycotts last?

A

1 year

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65
Q

Which of the African American students in Little Rock heard cries of ‘lynch her, lynch her’?

A

Elizabeth Eckford

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66
Q

What were 5 of the main campaigns of the early 1960s?

A
  1. Greensboro Sit-Ins
  2. Freedom Rides
  3. Birmingham Protests
  4. March on Washington
  5. Selma to Montgomery March
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67
Q

What does MIA stand for?

A

Montgomery Improvement Association

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68
Q

Who led the MIA?

A

Martin Luther King

69
Q

How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last?

A

1 year (381 days)

70
Q

What happened in the Greensboro Sit-ins?

A
  1. 4 men refused to leave a Woolworths Store and instead stayed inside
  2. 50,000 students were involved
  3. Sales at the store fell so quick that they were forced to rethink their policies
  4. The entire chain then became desegregated
71
Q

How many students participated in the Greensboro Sit Ins?

A

50,000

72
Q

What happened in the freedom rides?

A
  1. Campaigning for the desegregation of buses so many sat in the wrong places on buses
  2. The campaign gained a lot of media coverage
  3. Many whites reacted aggressively e.g. buses were burnt and protestors attacked
73
Q

How many participated in the freedom rides?

A

450 individuals

74
Q

Example of when a bus was burnt during the freedom rides?

A

Mother’s Day 1961 in Alabama

75
Q

What happened in the Birmingham Protests?

A
  1. Protests were held as many began to realise the unfair discrimination
  2. The police led by Police Chief Connor used dogs and powerful fire hoses to attack peaceful protesters
  3. Many were arrested
  4. Newspaper headlines critiqued the way the police responded
76
Q

How many were arrested during the Birmingham protests?

A

Over 1000 protesters - including Martin Luther King

77
Q

What happened during the March on Washington?

A
  1. King became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement - supported by the government as he was peaceful
  2. August 1963 over 200,000 people joined the march and ended up by the Lincoln Memorial
  3. Civil rights leaders gave speeches including the ‘I have a dream’ speech
  4. The speeches were televised and many Americans realise the unfairness of racist laws
78
Q

When was the March on Washington?

A

August 1963

79
Q

How many joined the March on Washington?

A

Over 200,000 people

80
Q

What happened during Selma to Montgomery March?

A
  1. The SCLC made Selma the focus of its efforts - to increase the number of black votes in the South
  2. A march was thus started
  3. Protestors marched from Selma to Washington for 3 days - despite ‘Bloody Sunday’
  4. Considered a major contributor to the Voting Rights Act passed by President Lyndon Johnson
81
Q

What does SCLC stand for?

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

82
Q

When were the Greensboro sit ins?

A

February 1960

83
Q

Who was the SCLC led by?

A

Martin Luther King

84
Q

When was the march from Selma to Washington?

A

1965

85
Q

When were the 3 civil rights passed (name and year)?

A

1964 Civil Right Act
1965 Voting Rights Act
1968 Civil Rights Act

86
Q

Who passed the 3 pieces of civil rights legislation?

A

President Lyndon B Johnson

87
Q

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act state?

A

Outlawed discrimination in public places
Ended Jim Crow Laws
Banned employment discrimination

88
Q

What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act state?

A

It was illegal to prevent African Americans from voting - southern states did this (used literacy tests)
Provided the supervision to protect the right to vote

89
Q

What did the 1968 Civil Rights Act state?

A

Mainly applied to Native American tribes - guaranteed their human rights

90
Q

What is black nationalism?

A

The idea that black people should be proud of their race and rely on each other to improve their lives and not accept support from white people

91
Q

What method of protest did black nationalists use?

A

Violence

92
Q

What movement/campaign did black nationalists support?

A

The Black Power Movement

93
Q

Did black nationalists want desegregation or integration?

A

Desegregation if black people were superior to white

94
Q

What did black nationalism encourage?

A

Pride in African heritage

95
Q

When was Malcolm X born?

A

1925

96
Q

What is Malcom X’s real name?

A

Malcolm Little

97
Q

When Malcolm X was young what was he involved in? Why?

A

Crime - he lived in extreme poverty

98
Q

Whilst in prison what did Malcolm X do?

A

Became a black Muslim

99
Q

What civil rights group did Malcolm X join?

A

The Nation of Islam

100
Q

Who did Malcolm X criticise? Why?

A

Martin Luther King Jr - criticised his non violent approach and said violence would bring faster results

101
Q

3 examples of black nationalists?

A

Malcolm X
Nation of Islam
The Black Panther party

102
Q

What were 3 successes of the black nationalists?

A
  1. Cities in the north and west of America with large African American populations were free of racism
  2. Received quite a lot of media coverage through Bloody Sunday and other protests
  3. The civil rights act was eventually signed
103
Q

What were 3 failures of the black nationalists?

A
  1. They were criticised by other civil rights movement leaders & many black people thought they weren’t getting protection from crime
  2. Bloody Sunday - a protest was lead without Martin Luther King Jr and protesters were brutally attacked
  3. Made white people less sympathetic
104
Q

What were the good things about Martin Luther King?

A

Had empathy for others and resilience - had the right mindset
Good communication skills with society
He had a drive and motivation

105
Q

What were Martin Luther Kings weaknesses?

A

He was quite fearful - he let fear overcome him and backed out of protest

106
Q

What was good about Malcolm X?

A

He had charisma and oratory skills - helped him achieve prominence in the Nation of Islam

107
Q

What were Malcolm X’s weaknesses?

A

He alienated all white people and African Americans who believed in nonviolence - believed that all white people were evil and non-violent African Americans were “Not black.’’
Malcolm treated non-violent blacks like he would treat white people - ridiculed them and told them that they were not ‘‘black.”
He believed only the black people who believe in what he believed in constituted as godly

108
Q

When was Malcolm X assassinated?

A

1965

109
Q

When was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense founded?

A

1966

110
Q

When was Martin Luther King assassinated?

A

4 April 1968

111
Q

Who targeted civil rights activists?

A

FBI and the leader J Edgar Hoover - he used spying and wiretapping to target them

112
Q

Who was arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King?

A

James Earl Ray

113
Q

Was there equal pay for men and women in post war America?

A

No - men were payed more

114
Q

When did John F Kennedy set up the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women? Why?

A

1961 - to report on women in the work place and ensure there was equality and no discrimination

115
Q

What was found out in a report done by the the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women? When?

A

Women earned round 60% less than men for the same job
Well paid professional jobs were mainly done by men

IN 1963

116
Q

Who was Betty Friedan?

A

A key leader in the feminist movement

117
Q

What did Betty Friedan write? When?

A

1963 - Betty Friedan wrote a book called ‘The Feminine Mystique’

118
Q

What did the book the Feminine Mystique express?

A

How unhappy many women felt being housewives and mothers

119
Q

When was the National Organisation for Women (NOW) set up?

A

1966

120
Q

What does NOW stand for?

A

National Organisation for Women

121
Q

What were the main goals of the NOW?

A

End discrimination in employment - achieve equal pay between men and women
To get paid maternity leave and legalised abortions

122
Q

Who set up NOW?

A

Betty Friedan and 48 other activists

123
Q

Who were mainly the members of NOW?

A

Middle class and middle aged women

124
Q

What did the women’s lib believe?

A

They would work together for freedom from men’s control and oppression of women rather than just legal equality with them

125
Q

Who were the main members of the women’s lib?

A

Younger women who wanted to take action

126
Q

What are examples of what the women’s lib did?

A

Protested at the 1968 Miss America beauty pageant - argued that events like these exploited and degraded women
They held meetings to give women’s spaces to explore how and why they were exploited

127
Q

When did Congress pass the Equal Rights Ammendment?

A

1972

128
Q

What did the Equal Rights Amendment state?

A

Equality ‘must not be denied on account of sex’

129
Q

What was the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment?

A

There were campaigns against it - e.g. STOP ERA

130
Q

Who was the STOP ERA campaign led by?

A

Conservatives

131
Q

What did the STOP ERA campaign believe?

A

Equality under the law would undermine traditional family life and require women to fight in the military

132
Q

When was Roe v Wade?

A

1973

133
Q

What was Roe v Wade?

A

1973 - a women was referred to as Jane Roe (to protect her identity) who wanted to get an abortion and the Supreme Court rules in favour of it

134
Q

What did Roe v Wade result in?

A

Abortion being a constitutional right

135
Q

What were the failures of Roe v Wade?

A

2022 - it was overturned and now states can ban abortion if they wish

136
Q

In general, what was the impact of the feminist movement?

A

Positive: Empowered many women and gave them a greater voice in society and politics

Negative: 1972 congress passed a programme to make child care facilities more widely available but this was vetoed by President Nixon

137
Q

What did the 1963 Equal Pay Act state?

A

It was illegal to pay men and women different wages if they were doing the same job

138
Q

What were all 4 of the acts involved in achieving equality in post war America?

A
  1. 1963 equal pay act
  2. 1964 civil rights act
  3. 1965 voting rights act
  4. 1968 civil rights act
139
Q

Who wanted to create a ‘Great Society’?

A

Lyndon B Johnson

140
Q

What was the main idea behind the ‘Great Society’?

A

To end poverty and racial injustice

141
Q

What did Johnson call for a war on?

A

An ‘all out war on poverty’

142
Q

What were the main measures included in the ‘Great Society’?

A

Poverty
Civil rights
The environment & new housing
Education reform
Healthcare reform

143
Q

What were the 2 pieces of legislation passed by Johnson to help the war on poverty?

A
  1. 1964 Economic Opportunity Act
  2. 1965 Housing and Urban Development Act
144
Q

What did the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act do?

A

Allocated money from training, development and educational opportunities for the unemployed - would end the cycle of poverty

145
Q

What did the 1965 Housing and Urban Development Act do?

A

Combatted the decline in city housing standards which worsened due to increased population in cities - gave funds to cities for urban renewable

146
Q

What was the piece of legislation passed to reform healthcare by Johnson?

A

1965 Medicare and Medicaid Act

147
Q

What did the 1965 Medicare and Medicaid Act do?

A

Covered the cost of healthcare for the elderly if they qualified& covered costs of healthcare for the unemployed or those on low incomes

148
Q

Who opposed the 1965 Medicare and Medicaid Act?

A

Supporters of Laissez Faire e.g. Republicans

149
Q

What were the 2 pieces of legislation passed to reform education by Johnson?

A
  1. 1965 Higher Education Act
  2. 1965 Elementary and Secondary Educaiton Act
150
Q

What did the 1965 Higher Education Act do?

A

Increased funding to colleges and universities
Started scholarships
Provided low interest loans to students

151
Q

What did the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act do?

A

Major funding provided to education where there were low income families

152
Q

Why did Johnson want to reform education?

A

He was a teacher before he went into politics
He thought education was the way out of poverty

153
Q

What were the oppositions to Johnson’s presidency?

A

Mainly towards the involvement of America in the Vietnam War - costly, unpopular and many were drafted (conscription)

154
Q

Who was Lyndon B Johnson?

A

The president of USA after John F Kennedy was assassinated

155
Q

Who was John F Kennedy?

A

President of USA after Eisenhower

156
Q

When did JFK become president?

A

1960

157
Q

What was Kennedy’s slogan?

A

‘The New Frontier’

158
Q

What did Kennedy encourage?

A

Americans to be optimistic of the future - to look forward to scientific and technological innovations e.g. get to the moon

159
Q

What did Kennedy want to conquer?

A

Problems relating to poverty, inequality and prejudice

160
Q

Why did Kennedy achieve few of his plans?

A

Conservative Southern Democrats opposed his ideas

161
Q

What was the unemployment rate in 1961?

A

Around 7.1% in 1961 - PEAK

162
Q

What changes did Kennedy achieve?

A

Increased social security benefits
Introduced a housing act - helped those who were poor get loans to improve their homes

163
Q

What were limits to the changes Kennedy achieved?

A

The housing act was limited and the poorest people couldn’t afford to repay loans
New technology meant fewer workers were needed - unemployment still high

164
Q

What did Kennedy do to help healthcare?

A

Set up a research task force to provide recommendations on how to improve mental illness support

165
Q

What did Kennedy do to help education?

A

1961 - increased federal aid for school
1962 - helped desegregation by sending troops to protect university students

166
Q

When was Kennedy assassinated?

A

November 1963

167
Q

Why was Kennedy criticised?

A

Most of his focus as president was on the Cold War
He didn’t achieve much

168
Q

Who became president after JFK’s assassination?

A

Lyndon B Johnson

169
Q

Who did more for America, JFK or Lyndon B Johnson?

A

Lyndon B Johnson - he helped more groups of people,and introduced more acts & he didn’t focus much on the Cold War except the Vietnam war

GCSE History (14 decks)

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