1. Nicholas' policies Flashcards

1
Q

Who helped the Tsar in the 1890’s to improve the economic situation?

A

Witte

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2
Q

What was the growth of industry in the 1890s labelled as?

A

The Great Spurt

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3
Q

What is State Capitalism?

A

The government’s control of the economy using it’s central authority

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4
Q

How did Russia use foreign aid?

A

Invited foreign experts and workers to advise
Bought in engineers and managers from Europe

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5
Q

How did Witte try and raise capital?

A

Negotiated loans from abroad
Protective tariffs set up
Gold standard implemented on currency

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6
Q

How did protective tariffs help?

A

Helped protect Russia domestic firms

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7
Q

How did the gold standard help?

A

Made the currency stable encouraging FDI.

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8
Q

What was capital invested into?

A

The railways
‘Transport revolution.’

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9
Q

Miles of track in Russia.

A

1881 = 13,000
1913 = 43,000

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10
Q

Why was increasing the railways a positive?

A

Easier to trade
Easier to transport resources
Better communication

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11
Q

What was Russification?

A

Restricted the influence of non Russian minorities by emphasising all things Russian.

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12
Q

What happened because of Russification?

A

Official language changed, public office was closed to those not speaking Russian
Discrimination rose
600 new policies on Jews
Rise in Pogroms (by Black Hundreds in particular)

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13
Q

Why was Russification so bad?

A

Alienated nearly 1/2 of pop
Anti-Tsar minority groups formed
Jewish Bund formed 1897 - Jewish anti-Tsar movement

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14
Q

Why were Witte’s reforms good?

A

Increases in annual production
Russia was 4th largest economy
1900 economy expanded 8% per year

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15
Q

Annual production increases (1890-1913)(million tonnes)

A

Coal = x6 (5.90-35.4)
Iron = x4.6 (0.89-4.10)
Oil = x2.3 (3.9-9.1)
Grain = x2.5 (36-90)

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16
Q

Why were Witte’s reforms bad?

A

Too dependent on foreign loans
Neglected some areas- light engineering
No attention to agriculture
Population increase - figures not as impressive

17
Q

Why was Witte limited on his reforms?

A

Told to focus more on military - Tsar’s aim (1885 made up 50% of budget)
Disliked by the royal court (+ not trusted)