APK6167 - Nutrition

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true regarding meal frequency recommendations?

a.) if protein levels are adequate, increasing meal frequency during periods of hypoenergetic dieting may preserve lean body mass in athletic populations.
b.) increasing meal frequency has no effect on blood markers of health such as LDL cholesterol, insulin, etc.
c.) increasing meal frequency will favorably change body composition in a sedentary population
d.) increasing meal frequency significantly enhances diet-induced thermogenesis and total energy expenditure

Answer 1

a.) if protein levels are adequate, increasing meal frequency during periods of hypoenergetic dieting may preserve lean body mass in athletic populations.

Question 2

The ____________ the fatty acid, the more solid it is at room temperature.

a.) acidic
b.) shorter
c.) longer

Answer 2

c.) longer

Question 3

True or False: if you are not a licensed or registered dietitian/nutritionist, you cannot provide nutrition education to athletes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a nutrient that cannot be made within the body or made in sufficient quantities?

a.) required nutrient
b.) critical nutrient
c.) essential nutrient
d.) indispensable nutrient

Answer 4

c.) essential nutrient

Question 5

Percent Daily Value (%DV) listed on food labels is based on the needs of an individual who is following a _______ diet.

a.) 3000kcal
b.) 2000kcal
c.) 2500kcal
d.) 1500kcal

Answer 5

b.) 2000kcal

Question 6

During a competition lasting longer than 60 mins, which of the following would be an appropriate recommendation regarding carbs?

a.) consume carbs at a rate of 30-60g per hour
b.) consume carbs in the form of fruit
c.) consume fewer carbs and more fats as the race progresses
d.) consume carbs only in the form of sports beverages

Answer 6

a.) consume carbs at a rate of 30-60g per hour

Question 7

Jason is an elite cross-country athlete who is training 6 days per week, 1-3 hours per day. He weighs 135lbs. What should his carb intake be?

a.) 810g per day
b.) 615g per day
c.) 1,350g per day
d.) 350g per day

Answer 7

b.) 615g per day

Question 8

True or False: carb intake recommendations range from 3-12g per kg of body weight.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding dietary fiber?

a.) it is soluble or insoluble
b.) it does not provide the body with calories
c.) it helps speed the passage of food through the intestines
d.) all of these

Answer 9

d.) all of these

Question 10

To enhance glycogen storage after exercise, an athlete weighing 175lbs should consume how many grams of carbs every hour for 4 hours post-exercise?

a.) 80-95g
b.) 64-75g
c.) 111-120g
d.) 100-110g

Answer 10

a.) 80-95g

Question 11

______________ is 3-10 linked monosaccharides; example = maltodextrin.

a.) oligosaccharide
b.) polysaccharide
c.) glycogen
d.) insoluble fiber

Answer 11

a.) oligosaccharide

Question 12

____________ is the storage form of monosaccharides in animals.

a.) glycogen
b.) glucose
c.) functional fiber

Answer 12

a.) glycogen

Question 13

_____________ is a plant carbohydrate that dissolves in water; ex: oats

a.) insoluble fiber
b.) soluble fiber
c.) functional fiber

Answer 13

b.) soluble fiber

Question 14

____________ is an isolated, non-digestible carbohydrate; ex: gums; pectin.

a.) insoluble fiber
b.) soluble fiber
c.) functional fiber

Answer 14

c.) functional fiber

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true regarding carbohydrate intake during exercise?

a.) It is recommended that athletes consume 30-60gs of carbs per hour.
b.) carb intake should begin soon after the onset of exercise and continue throughout
c.) consuming carbs from solid foods during exercise is not effective or recommended
d.) glucose, sucrose and glucose polymers are all appropriate for consumption during exercise

Answer 15

c.) consuming carbs from solid foods during exercise is not effective or recommended

Question 16

Which aspect of a food label provides an athlete with the BEST indication of the nutrient density of the product?

a.) % Daily Value per serving
b.) calories per serving
c.) dietary fiber per serving

Answer 16

a.) % Daily Value per serving

Question 17

An athlete is prescribed 3500 kcals for the day and wants to keep their fat intake at 25%. Which of the following contains the correct best fat intake to stay within their desired goal, while maintaining RDA for fat intake?

a.) 29g polyunsaturated fats; 48 monounsaturated fats; 20g saturated fats
b.) 38g polyunsaturated fats; 81g monounsaturated fats; 3g saturated fats
c.) 38g polyunsaturated fats; 57g monounsaturated fats; 3g saturated fats

Answer 17

c.) 38g polyunsaturated fats; 57g monounsaturated fats; 3g saturated fats

Question 18

Which of the following benefits from having a layer of fat surrounding it?

a.) digestive organs
b.) nerves
c.) muscle
d.) all of these

Answer 18

d.) all of these

Question 19

What’s a difference between long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides?

a.) MCTs can be absorbed across the mucosal membrane more quickly
b.) MCTs are oxidized slowly
c.) MCTs are dietary fats widely found in foods
d.) MCTs consist of a glycerol backbone and only 2 fatty acids

Answer 19

a.) MCTs can be absorbed across the mucosal membrane more quickly

Question 20

Which of the following is atherogenic (clot forming)?

a.) VLDL
b.) LDL
c.) IDL
d.) HDL

Answer 20

b.) LDL

Question 21

Which of the following are influenced by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, such that athletic performance will be clearly improved according to available evidence?

a.) oxidative stress
b.) neuromuscular function
c.) exercise metabolism
d.) none of the above

Answer 21

d.) none of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a fat substitute and its macronutrient derivative?

a.) Oatrim = carb and protein
b.) Benefat = protein
c.) Simplesse = carb
d.) Olean = carb and fat

Answer 22

d.) Olean = carb and fat

Question 23

True or False: linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential fatty acids.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

An athlete consumed 4g of alpha-linolenic acid as part of their 3000 total calories. Did they meet the recommendation for % of calories coming from alpha-linolenic acid?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

Which form of cholesterol is described as a scavenger molecule?

a.) IDL
b.) VLDL
c.) HDL
d.) LDL

Answer 25

c.) HDL

Question 26

True or False: substances that are fat soluble are lipophilic.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What does the acronym GRAS stand for?

a.) Granted Research Approval Status
b.) Gross Recommended Average Standard
c.) Generally Recommended as Satisfactory
d.) Generally Recognized as Safe

Answer 27

d.) Generally Recognized as Safe

Question 28

True or False: research indicates that ingesting proteins prior to training can decrease muscle catabolism and increase muscle synthesis.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

An active 14 year old boy recently began to experience a growth spurt. His body is in…

a.) positive nitrogen balance
b.) negative nitrogen balance
c.) activated nitrogen balance

Answer 29

a.) positive nitrogen balance

Question 30

Which of the following is true of amino acids?

a.) essential amino acids are produced by the body
b.) nonessential amino acids are not needed to make proteins and serve little purpose in the body
c.) conditionally essential amino acids become essential under unusual circumstances
d.) there are 11 essential amino acids

Answer 30

c.) conditionally essential amino acids become essential under unusual circumstances

Question 31

The best time to consume protein on a day where resistance training is performed in order to maximize the resultant muscle protein synthesis is…

a.) 60-90 min before the training begins
b.) immediately after training ends
c.) up to the individual, before or after will yield benefits

Answer 31

c.) up to the individual, before or after will yield benefits

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true regarding protein intake after exercise?

a.) hydrolyzed proteins are the best type to ingest after exercise
b.) food sources that cause hyperaminoacidemia soon after exercise are recommended
c.) ingestion of amino acids should begin as soon as possible after exercise
d.) combining carbs and proteins immediately after exercise is a prudent nutritional practice

Answer 32

a.) hydrolyzed proteins are the best type to ingest after exercise

Question 33

True or False: the vast majority of plant proteins are incomplete proteins.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true regarding protein intake?

a.) athletes involved in intense training require more than the RDA
b.) the total number of calories consumed from protein should not exceed 35%
c.) sport nutritionists recommend most athletes consume 1.2-2g per kg of bodyweight
c.) the RDA for protein is 1g per kg of bodyweight

Answer 34

c.) the RDA for protein is 1g per kg of bodyweight

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?

a.) the shorter the length of the fatty acid or more unsaturated it is, the more liquid the fat is at room temperature
b.) the longer the length of the fatty acid or more saturated it is, the more liquid the fat is at room temperature
c.) carbon chain length and saturation level have no effect on the state of fat at room temperature

Answer 35

a.) the shorter the length of the fatty acid or more unsaturated it is, the more liquid the fat is at room temperature

Question 36

Which of the following foods contains the most Vitamin B12?

a.) chicken
b.) oranges
c.) green leafy vegetables
d.) kidney beans

Answer 36

a.) chicken

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a good source of calcium?

a.) sardines
b.) fortified soy milk
c.) sesame seeds
d.) butter

Answer 37

d.) butter

Question 38

Which of the following is found naturally only in animal products?

a.) B1
b.) B12
c.) B6
d.) B3

Answer 38

b.) B12

Question 39

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia can be caused by iron deficiency or which vitamin deficiency?

a.) folate
b.) B6
c.) C
d.) B12

Answer 39

b.) B6

Question 40

Which of the following is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the US?

a.) sodium
b.) iron
c.) copper
d.) zinc

Answer 40

b.) iron

Question 41

True or False: Vitamin A has been labeled the “anti-infection vitamin”, due to its role in immune function.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False: carotenoids are classified as vitamins.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

______________ is a specialized protein that carries glucose across the cell membrane, once it has been transported to the skeletal muscle to be used for energy or stored.

a.) lactase
b.) hepatic porters
c.) glucose transporters

Answer 43

c.) glucose transporters

Question 44

True or False: fructose is the best type of carb to consume during prolonged exercise, because of its sweetness and rapid absorption by the GI tract.

Answer 44

False

Question 44

True or False: athletes looking to gain or lose weight should increase protein intake to the higher end of the recommended range.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

True or False: intense exercise in hot, humid environments can result in rapid fluid losses, causing athletes to decrease exercise intensity and increase fluid intake to prevent dehydration.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding post-exercise hydration?

a.) athletes should match sweat losses 100-150%, because the kidneys continually produce urine, thus increasing total water excretion
b.) athletes should consume 1 cup of fluid for every lb lost during exericse
c.) athletes should wait 10-15 mins before starting to replace fluids to avoid GI distress
d.) athletes should drink very large quantities in a short period of time

Answer 46

a.) athletes should match sweat losses 100-150%, because the kidneys continually produce urine, thus increasing total water excretion

Question 47

Sports beverages typically contain what percentage of sugar in solution?

a.) 2-4%
b.) 6-8%
c.) 14-16%

Answer 47

b.) 6-8%

Question 48

Endurance athletes that drink copious amounts of water resulting in the dilution of sodium levels in the body may experience…

a.) muscle cramps
b.) hyponatremia
c.) improved aerobic capacity
d.) fluid balance

Answer 48

b.) hyponatremia

Question 49

Which of the following is true regarding an athlete with a training session at 3pm?

a.) he should consume 1L of fluid at 2pm
b.) he should consume 400-600mL at 11am
c.) he only needs to concern himself with fluid intake following the training session

Answer 49

b.) he should consume 400-600mL at 11am

Question 50

Optimal hydration should stimulate urination every…

a.) 30 mins
b.) 1-2 hours
c.) 6 hours
d.) 12 hours

Answer 50

b.) 1-2 hours

Question 51

Why is the risk of dehydration higher when training at altitudes over 1.6km?

a.) the air is dryer
b.) the air has less oxygen, so breathing rate increases
c.) both of these
d.) none of the above

Answer 51

c.) both of these

Question 52

Which of the following is a sign of heat stroke?

a.) cold, clammy skin
b.) profuse sweating
c.) hypotension
d.) lack of sweat

Answer 52

d.) lack of sweat

Question 53

Which of the following is a means of cellular absorption where the protein carrier molecules move substances across membranes, driven only by differences in the concentration gradient?

a.) passive diffusion
b.) endocytosis
c.) active transport
d.) facilitated diffusion

Answer 53

d.) facilitated diffusion

Question 54

What is the basis for the recommendation to consume 30-60g of carbs per hour during exercise longer than 90 mins?

a.) muscle utilize 50% of the delivered glucose for energy during exercise
b.) intakes above 60g per hours are not palatable to athletes
c.) intestinal absorption of glucose has been measured at 1g/min

Answer 54

c.) intestinal absorption of glucose has been measured at 1g/min

Question 55

What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for fats?

a.) 25-40%
b.) 10-30%
c.) 20-35%
d.) 15-35%

Answer 55

c.) 20-35%

Question 56

True or False: levels of both major and trace minerals can build and become toxic to the body.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT commonly used to reduce fat mass?

a.) caffeine
b.) ephedrine
c.) L-carnitine
d.) creatine

Answer 57

d.) creatine

Question 58

_____________ is an example of a physiological ergogenic aid?

a.) using a particular tennis racquet
b.) using relaxing techniques
c.) using a marathon training program
d.) using Essential Amino Acids

Answer 58

c.) using a marathon training program

Question 59

________________ is ingesting a dietary supplement that unknowingly, can result in a positive test for banned substances?

a.) involuntary doping
b.) inadvertent doping
c.) felonious doping

Answer 59

b.) inadvertent doping

Question 60

Which of the following are considered nutritional ergogenic aids to improve performance?

a.) supplements
b.) carb-loading diets
c.) sports drinks
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 60

d.) all of these are correct

Question 61

_____________ is a research database specifically created to include published research in sports medicine, exercise physiology, biomechanics, coaching, physical education, active living, recreation, equipment, etc.?

a.) CINAHL
b.) USADA
c.) SportDiscus
d.) Medline/PubMed

Answer 61

c.) SportDiscus

Question 62

Which supplement would be best for someone looking to potentially overcome a plateau in improvements to strength and weight gain?

a.) glutamine
b.) vanadyl sulfate
c.) boron
d.) creatine monohydrate

Answer 62

d.) creatine monohydrate

Question 63

_____________ are substances touted to be converted to or increase production of anabolic hormones in the body.

a.) prohormones
b.) anticatabolics
c.) fat reducers
d.) anabolics

Answer 63

a.) prohormones

Question 64

Which of the following is a reason why athletes commonly use nutritional aids to reduce fat mass?

a.) some aids can enhance performance by making the athlete lighter
b.) some aids increase the body’s ability to mobilize and utilize fats for energy
c.) some decrease appetite, which lowers daily caloric intake and causes the body to turn to fat stores for energy
d.) all of the above

Answer 64

d.) all of the above

Question 65

True or False: muscle cells never run out of ATP.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Suzie is 59, weighs 135lbs and enjoys 45 mins of gentle exercise twice a week. What should her daily carb intake range be?

a.) 75g-150g
b.) 180g-310g
c.) 400g-600g
d.) 1000g or more

Answer 66

b.) 180g-310g

Question 67

An athlete eats 50g of fat as part of 3000 total calories. Did they fall within their AMDR for fat today?

Answer 67

No

Question 68

Which component of the chemical structure of an amino acid is responsible for giving a protein its unique structure and function when all the amino acids in the protein are linked together?

a.) side group
b.) central carbon atom
c.) carboxylic acid group
d.) amino group

Answer 68

a.) side group

Question 69

Which of the following blood test parameters is used to measure the concentration of red blood cells in the blood?

a.) hemoglobin
b.) ferritin
c.) hematocrit
d.) transferrin saturation

Answer 69

c.) hematocrit

Question 70

True or False: body water is a poor heat conductor.

Answer 70

False

Question 71

____________ measures speed of electrical current through the body to estimate fat-free mass.

a.) skinfold thickness
b.) bioelectrical impedence
c.) Bod Pod (air displacement plethsmyography
d.) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 71

b.) bioelectrical impedence

Question 72

_____________ measures density of body in air to estimate fat-free mass.

a.) skinfold thickness
b.) bioelectrical impedence
c.) Bod Pod (air displacement plethsmyography
d.) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 72

c.) Bod Pod (air displacement plethsmyography

Question 73

____________ is an imaging technique that leads to a small amount of radiation exposure; the gold standard for measuring bone density.

a.) ultrasound
b.) bioelectrical impedence
c.) Bod Pod (air displacement plethsmyography
d.) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 73

d.) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Question 74

___________ is an assessment of thickness of sub-cutaneous fat using high frequency sound waves.

a.) ultrasound
b.) bioelectrical impedence
c.) Bod Pod (air displacement plethsmyography
d.) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Answer 74

a.) ultrasound

Question 75

What is energy availability?

a.) total daily caloric intake - daily activity energy expenditure
b.) total daily caloric intake - total daily energy expenditure
c.) total daily caloric intake - daily caloric expenditure from food digestion

Answer 75

a.) total daily caloric intake - daily activity energy expenditure

Question 76

An athlete weighs 200lbs and has 15% body fat. If he sets a goal of maintaining fat free mass, but reducing body fat to 12%, what is his desired body weight?

a.) 170lbs
b.) 185lbs
c.)193lbs

Answer 76

c.)193lbs

Question 77

The female athlete triad includes…

a.) disordered eating, eumenorrhea and osteopenia
b.) disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis
c.) disordered eating, eumenorrhea and osteoporosis

Answer 77

b.) disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis

Question 78

An 80kg athlete trains 1 hour each day and eats the following on average:

350g carbs, 150g protein, 100g fat

TDEE = [(15.3 * body mass) + 679] * activity factor (1.6-2.4)

Which best describes his energy intake and estimate energy expenditure?

a.) positive energy balance
b.) negative energy balance
c.) neutral energy balance

Answer 78

b.) negative energy balance

Question 79

If a patient has a 29 BMI and does not want to lose weight, what is the next step in assessing and treating her?

a.) assess her risk factors
b.) encourage her to change her mind
c.) assess her physical ability to function
d.) nothing, 29 BMI is okay

Answer 79

a.) assess her risk factors

Question 80

Which athletes are least likely to develop disordered eating habits?

a.) sports where weigh-ins are required
b.) sports where athlete is subjectively judged
c.) team sports
d.) endurance sports

Answer 80

c.) team sports

Question 81

Which macronutrient has the lowest thermic effect of food?

a.) carbs
b.) fat
c.) protein

Answer 81

b.) fat

Question 82

A lb of body fat provides how many kcal?

a.) 3,500
b.) 2,500
c.) 4,500
d.) 1,500

Answer 82

a.) 3,500

Question 83

What is the gold standard method of body composition measurement?

a.) underwater weighing
b.) bioelectrical impedance
c.) skinfold assessment
d.) body mass index

Answer 83

a.) underwater weighing

Question 84

True or False: resting metabolic rate is easier to measure than basal metabolic rate.

Answer 84

True

Question 84

True or False: the body stores more energy as carbs than fats.

Answer 84

False

Question 85

Which of the following is a characteristic of fats?

a.) it is lipophobic
b.) it is the most energy-dense macro
c.) it is not essential
d.) it is only found in animal sources

Answer 85

b.) it is the most energy-dense macro

Question 86

True or False: signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include muscle cramping, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and seizures.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

Which of the following is NOT a function of water?

a.) provides the body with needed carbs for energy
b.) provides structural integrity to cells
c.) serves as a solvent for essential molecules in the body
d.) serves to help cool the body

Answer 87

a.) provides the body with needed carbs for energy

Question 88

As endurance athletes become increasingly well-conditioned, whey use more of ________ at higher intensities of exercise?

a.) carbs
b.) fats
c.) protein
d.) fluid

Answer 88

b.) fats

Question 89

Which of the following is the most important to focus on when creating a nutrition plan for consumption during endurance activities?

a.) carbs
b.) fats
c.) protein
d.) vitamins

Answer 89

a.) carbs

Question 90

True or False: bonking occurs when carb reserves are depleted.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

True or False: it is not essential to replace fat used during endurance exercise by consuming certain quantities or types of fat immediately following training.

Answer 91

True

Question 92

True or False: MCT intake can enhance endurance performance when consumed during exercise with minor side effects.

Answer 92

False

Question 93

True or False: ultra-marathon training athletes may need to consume up to 2.5g/kg/day of protein when training demands are high.

Answer 93

True

Question 94

True or False: aerobic power can be modified through endurance training.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

True or False: if an endurance athlete needs to increase total calorie consumption, the additional calories should be contributed solely from carbs.

Answer 95

False

Question 96

True or False: any fluid lost during endurance activities should be replaced within 15-30 mins after exercise.

Answer 96

False

Question 97

True or False: fat-soluble vitamins are readily stored in the body, which is one reason why high dosages are not recommended.

Answer 97

True

Question 98

True or False: eating fruits and vegetables low in fat and high in dietary fiber, vitamin A or vitamin C may help prevent some cancers.

Answer 98

True

Question 99

_________ controls calcium levels in the blood, and is important for immune function and muscle function.

a.) vitamin A
b.) vitamin D
c.) vitamin E
d.) vitamin K

Answer 99

b.) vitamin D

Question 100

__________ is important for blood clotting.

a.) vitamin A
b.) vitamin D
c.) vitamin E
d.) vitamin K

Answer 100

d.) vitamin K

Question 101

Which of the following is true regarding the trend in the sports nutrition supplement industry?

a.) companies are trending towards production of supplement products with no evidence of effectiveness
b.) companies are reducing the number of products sold as supplements
c.) companies are trending towards developing scientifically sound supplements

Answer 101

c.) companies are trending towards developing scientifically sound supplements

Question 102

Strength/power athletes should…

a.) follow sport-specific recommended amounts of Vitamins C and E
b.) consume a variety of antioxidant-rich foods
c.) follow sports-specific recommended amounts of beta-carotene and selenium
d.) avoid antioxidants in all forms

Answer 102

b.) consume a variety of antioxidant-rich foods

Question 103

When working with athletes who are consuming calories well below energy needs to lose or maintain a low weight, the sports nutrition specialist should…

a.) assume the athlete has an eating disorder
b.) rapidly increase athlete’s calorie consumption to the upper end of the recommended range
c.) revise the athlete’s meal plan and address the athlete’s questions, concerns and fears
d.) consider possibility that the athlete doesn’t understand how low energy intake can potentially negatively affect health and performance

Answer 103

d.) consider possibility that the athlete doesn’t understand how low energy intake can potentially negatively affect health and performance

Question 104

Why are exogenous amino acids required following high-intensity activities and strength training?

a.) to meet the basic metabolic needs of muscle tissue
b.) to repair muscle damage from high-intensity exercise
c.) to build new muscle tissue
d.) all of the above

Answer 104

d.) all of the above

Question 105

Which of the following is true of sports beverages and strength/power athletes?

a.) they are an ideal source of calories during training sessions
b.) they should be reserved for before training sessions
c.) they are difficult to digest, leading to GI upset during a training session
d.) they should be reserved until after training sessions are complete

Answer 105

a.) they are an ideal source of calories during training sessions

Question 106

What the side effects of severe and intentional dehydration (ex: wrestlers competing in a lower weight category)?

a.) loss of electrolytes (increasing risk for cardiac arrhythmias)
b.) improved thermoregulation
c.) reduced strain on the kidneys
d.) all of the above

Answer 106

d.) all of the above

Question 107

What happens to excess proteins in the body?

a.) greater urea production, potentially leading to dehydration
b.) they are converted and stored as fat
c.) they are used for fuel
d.) all of the above

Answer 107

d.) all of the above

Question 108

If an athlete wants to optimize their intake of nutrients, a sports nutrition specialist should…

a.) establish balance and variety
b.) focus on moderation within the diet
c.) determine an appropriate caloric intake level
d.) all of the above

Answer 108

d.) all of the above

Question 109

True or False: the nutritional goal for most athletes should be to achieve a positive nitrogen balance.

Answer 109

True

Question 110

The majority of the body’s total water stores are found in…

a.) intracellular water
b.) extracellular water

Answer 110

a.) intracellular water

Question 111

Which energy system supplies energy for short, intense bursts of activity during team sport participation?

a.) phosphagen
b.) aerobic
c.) neither

Answer 111

a.) phosphagen

Question 112

True or False: calculating carb needs for an athlete based solely on g/kg/bw will provide accurate estimates of carb needs for individual athletes.

Answer 112

False

Question 113

What factors explain differences in caloric needs among team sport athletes?

a.) age
b.) position played
c.) bodyweight
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 113

d.) all of these are correct

Question 114

True or False: high-fat diets of greater than 35% of total calories have not been proven to speed recovery in team sport athletes.

Answer 114

True

Question 115

True or False: team sport athletes may not meet recommended intake levels of Vitamins A, E and folate on a regular basis.

Answer 115

True

Question 116

Which of the following athletes, who all weigh the same, is likely to expend the most amount of energy during 2 hours of competition?

a.) baseball catcher
b.) football place kicker
c.) soccer goalie

Answer 116

a.) baseball catcher

Question 117

Which of the following athletes is most likely to need a multivitamin/mineral supplement?

a.) an athlete in positive energy balance
b.) an athlete who is overly concerned about his weight
c.) neither of these

Answer 117

b.) an athlete who is overly concerned about his weight

Question 118

True or False: fat needs for team sport athletes should be calculated before protein and carb needs, to make sure fat is not too high.

Answer 118

False

Question 119

Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?

a.) B6
b.) C
c.) D
d.) all of the above

Answer 119

c.) D

Question 120

Which of the following is necessary to provide appropriate fluid intake recommendations during a training session or competition?

a.) sweat rate
b.) training frequency
c.) fluid preferences

Answer 120

a.) sweat rate

Question 121

Which supplement is LEAST likely to provide an ergogenic benefit to strength and power athletes?

a.) agmatine sulfate
b.) HMB
c.) creatine
d.) arachidonic acid

Answer 121

a.) agmatine sulfate

Question 122

True or False: the specific gravity of the urine must be at or below 1.02 at the time of the wrestling weight certification.

Answer 122

True

Question 123

True or False: endurance athletes should consume 30-60g of carbs per hour during training or competition.

Answer 123

True

Question 124

Which of the following characterizes ketoacidosis?

a.) protein starts to break down in early stages of diabetes
b.) buildup of ketone bodies causes acidification of the blood
c.) ketone bodies start to form
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 124

b.) buildup of ketone bodies causes acidification of the blood

Question 125

True or False: certain probiotic strains can increase the absorption of amino acids.

Answer 125

True

Question 126

Which of the following is most likely to require supplementation in the diet during pregnancy due to increased needs and difficulty meeting these needs through food alone?

a.) iron
b.) Vitamin C
c.) Vitamin A
d.) magnesium

Answer 126

a.) iron

Question 127

How should an athlete who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes monitor glucose levels before, during and after exercise?

a.) testing for urine glucose
b.) testing for urine ketones
c.) testing for blood glucose
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 127

d.) all of these are correct

Question 128

How does the recommendation for consuming carbs during exercise differ between a diabetic and non-diabetic athlete?

a.) diabetic athletes should consume carbs during exercise only if it’s longer than 90 mins
b.) diabetic athletes should consume carbs during exercise if longer than 30 mins
c.) diabetic athletes should not consume carbs during exercise
d.) diabetic athletes should consume more total carbs each hour

Answer 128

b.) diabetic athletes should consume carbs during exercise if longer than 30 mins

Question 129

True or False: exercise can be initiated immediately if ketone bodies are present.

Answer 129

False

Question 130

Which of the following risks during exercise is higher in children than adults?

a.) hyperglycemia
b.) dehydration
c.) muscle cramps

Answer 130

b.) dehydration

Question 131

Calcium, Vitamin D, and magnesiums needs…

a.) are the same for everyone
b.) increase in masters athletes
c.) decrease in masters athletes

Answer 131

b.) increase in masters athletes

Question 132

True or False: glycogen is a type of complex carb.

Answer 132

True

Question 133

True or False: linoleic acid is the most common omega-6 fatty acid; found in safflower, corn and sunflower oils.

Answer 133

True

Question 134

Which of the following is true if an athlete is in a state of positive nitrogen balance?

a.) indicates that lean body tissue is being broken down by the body
b.) their protein consumption equals their protein excretion
c.) their protein consumption is less than their protein excretion
d.) their protein consumption is greater than their protein breakdown in the body

Answer 134

d.) their protein consumption is greater than their protein breakdown in the body

Question 135

True or False: calcium is best absorbed from supplements in amounts greater than 500mg.

Answer 135

False

Question 136

An athlete lost 2lbs of weight according to a post-session weigh-in. How much fluid should she consume before the next training session?

a.) 32 oz
b.) 48 oz
c.) 64 oz

Answer 136

a.) 32 oz

Question 137

Which of the following is the best recommendation regarding making changes to carb intake when trying to lose weight?

a.) consume no more than 50g carbs daily from any source
b.) substitute nutrient poor and energy dense carb sources with high fiber and nutrient dense sources.
c.) neither of the above

Answer 137

b.) substitute nutrient poor and energy dense carb sources with high fiber and nutrient dense sources.

Question 138

A 158lb marathon runner is concerned about his carb intake. What is a prudent recommendation for his daily carb intake?

a.) he should consume 55-65% of total calories from carbs
b.) he should consume less than 5g/kg/bw from carbs
c.) he should consume less than 45% of total calories from carbs

Answer 138

a.) he should consume 55-65% of total calories from carbs

Question 139

The main dietary concern with strength/power athletes (as with most athletes) is the consumption of adequate amounts of…

a.) fats
b.) total daily calories
c.) proteins
d.) carbs

Answer 139

b.) total daily calories

Question 140

True or False: all athletes should take a multivitamin/mineral supplement to ensure adequate protein intake.

Answer 140

False

Question 141

Which of the following organs produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion?

a.) liver
b.) pancreas
c.) gallbladder
d.) all of the above

Answer 141

d.) all of the above

Question 142

Which of the following is NOT an approved nutrient-content claim?

a.) low fat
b.) reduced sodium
c.) low carb
d.) cholesterol free

Answer 142

d.) cholesterol free

Question 143

Most digestion and absorption of the food we eat takes place in the…

a.) stomach
b.) small intestine
c.) pancreas
d.) large intestine

Answer 143

b.) small intestine

Question 144

True or False: the small intestine makes up the majority of the length of the GI tract.

Answer 144

True

Question 145

Consuming the recommended daily amount of fiber from a combination of soluble and insoluble fiber sources may reduce the risk of which of the following medical conditions?

a.) kidney stones
b.) heart disease
c.) breast cancer
d.) the risk of developing any of these may be reduced with adequate fiber intake

Answer 145

b.) heart disease

Question 146

True or False: the crossover concept demonstrates the body’s preference for burning carbs over fats as exercise intensity increases.

Answer 146

True

Question 147

True or False: of all the sugars that exist in nature, glucose in the most important to humans.

Answer 147

True

Question 148

True or False: cholesterol is considered to be an essential nutrient.

Answer 148

False

Question 149

True or False: carbs, proteins and fats consumed in excess of daily needs will be converted into lipids within the body.

Answer 149

True

Question 150

____________ is linolenic acid; essential and anti-inflammatory.

a.) omega-3
b.) omega-6
c.) omega-9

Answer 150

a.) omega-3

Question 151

____________ is linoleic acid; essential and pro-inflammatory.

a.) omega-3
b.) omega-6
c.) omega-9

Answer 151

b.) omega-6

Question 152

Which of the following fat substitutes is calorie-free due to its inability to be hydrolyzed and absorbed in the small intestine?

a.) Oatrim - flour-like carb based
b.) Olestra - sucrose and fatty acids
c.) Simplesse - protein-based

Answer 152

b.) Olestra - sucrose and fatty acids

Question 153

True or False: lipids are hydrophobic and lipophilic.

Answer 153

True

Question 154

How would you classify oleic acid?

a.) omega-9 fatty acid
b.) omega-6 fatty acid
c.) omega-3 fatty acid

Answer 154

a.) omega-9 fatty acid

Question 155

A 220lb high school athlete reports he is consuming 350g of protein a day. Which of the following statements is true?

a.) he is consuming more than the recommended amount of protein for athletes
b.) his protein intake is within the recommended range for strength/power athletes
c.) he should strive to get at least 40% of his total daily calories from protein

Answer 155

a.) he is consuming more than the recommended amount of protein for athletes

Question 156

A 190lb athlete is recovering from an injury. What is the most suitable daily protein intake recommendation for him?

a.) 70g
b.) 155g
c.) 190g
d.) 105g

Answer 156

c.) 190g

Question 157

Which of the following is true of high-quality proteins?

a.) they are also complete proteins
b.) they contain extra amino acids that can be used for making other amino acids
c.) they are derived primarily from animal sources
d.) all of the above

Answer 157

d.) all of the above

Question 158

A high dietary intake of protein will also increase an athlete’s need for…

a.) essential amino acids
b.) fat
c.) fluid
d.) low-glycemic index foods

Answer 158

c.) fluid

Question 159

__________ is the chemical process that results in the formation of water?

a.) matriculation
b.) condensation
c.) evaporation

Answer 159

b.) condensation

Question 160

Which of the following is NOT a cause of zinc deficiency?

a.) calorie-restricted diets
b.) chronic iron supplementation
c.) high fiber intake
d.) low intake of plant foods

Answer 160

d.) low intake of plant foods

Question 161

True or False: the bioavailability of a mineral can be affected by the body’s need for the mineral.

Answer 161

True

Question 162

True or False: free radical production decreases during exercise.

Answer 162

False

Question 163

True or False: athletes participating in high-impact sports are at greater risk for iron-deficiency anemia.

Answer 163

True

Question 164

True or False: the most current way to measure Vitamin A is in IU (international units).

Answer 164

False

Question 165

Which of the following vitamins does NOT have antioxidant properties?

a.) Vitamin C
b.) Vitamin A
c.) Vitamin D
d.) Vitamin E

Answer 165

c.) Vitamin D

Question 166

True or False: research has proven a direct link between magnesium deficiency and muscle cramps.

Answer 166

False

Question 167

Which mineral is an athlete most likely to be deficient in with regards to intake from food?

a.) sodium
b.) calcium
c.) sulfur
d.) phosphorus

Answer 167

b.) calcium

Question 168

Which of the following is an example of extracellular water?

a.) lymph fluid
b.) saliva
c.) blood plasma
d.) all of the above

Answer 168

d.) all of the above

Question 169

The goal of hydration strategies during exercise should be to limit dehydration to less than…

a.) 0.5%
b.) 1%
c.) 2%

Answer 169

c.) 2%

Question 170

Which of the following is NOT a corrective action for heat cramps?

a.) stretch the muscle
b.) seek shade and cease activity
c.) provide fluids
d.) moderate activity

Answer 170

b.) seek shade and cease activity

Question 171

Which of the following individuals has the highest percentage of total body water?

a.) 210lb bodybuilder with 8% body fat
b.) 220lb recreational exerciser with 18% body fat
c.) 230lb gamer with 28% body fat

Answer 171

a.) 210lb bodybuilder with 8% body fat

Question 172

Which electrolyte is the most important to replenish during rehydration?

a.) sodium
b.) calcium
c.) potassium

Answer 172

a.) sodium

Question 173

What does AND stand for?

a.) Accreditation of Nutrition and Dietetics
b.) Association of Nutrition and Dietetics
c.) Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Answer 173

c.) Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Question 174

True or False: glycolysis is unique among metabolic pathways in that it can function with or without oxygen being present.

Answer 174

True

Question 175

Which vitamins and minerals must be included on the current Nutrition Facts Panel?

a.) C,D, magnesium and zinc
b.) A, E, sodium and potassium
c.) A, potassium, magnesium and iron
d.) D, potassium, calcium and iron

Answer 175

d.) D, potassium, calcium and iron

Question 176

Any unabsorbed or undigested polysaccharides, such as fiber, that pass through the small intestine…

a.) pass through the system and are eliminated as feces
b.) enter the large intestine, where no absorption of carbs occurs
c.) enters the large intestine, where bacterial digestion and gas formation can occur
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 176

d.) all of these are correct

Question 177

True or False: when nutrients are put into the mouth and swallowed, they have not technically entered the body.

Answer 177

True

Question 178

Which of the following is absorbed directly into the blood from the small intestine, rather than into the lymphatic vessels via a chylomicron?

a.) medium chain fatty acids
b.) long chain fatty acids
c.) short chain fatty acids

Answer 178

a.) medium chain fatty acids

Question 179

When devising a post-exercise carb recovery nutrition plan, which of the following should NOT be considered?

a.) timing of carb ingestion
b.) solid vs. liquid of carbs ingested
c.) temperature of the food
d.) amount of carbs ingested

Answer 179

c.) temperature of the food

Question 180

The classic 6-day carb loading method suggested a carb intake of…

a.) 30% of total calories for days 1-3, 70% of total calories for days 4-6
b.) 25% of total calories for days 1-3, 75% of total calories for days 4-6
c.) 15% of total calories for days 1-3; 70% of total calories for days 4-6

Answer 180

c.) 15% of total calories for days 1-3; 70% of total calories for days 4-6

Question 181

True or False: high-fat, low-carb diets will delay the onset of fatigue in endurance athletes.

Answer 181

False

Question 182

Regarding fatty acids, the number of carbs in a chain affects how the fatty acid…

a.) accumulates as glucose in adipose tissues
b.) is digested, absorbed and used in the body
c.) is classified relative to being saturated or unsaturated

Answer 182

b.) is digested, absorbed and used in the body

Question 183

Which of the following statements is true?

a.) most fatty acids in foods are water soluble
b.) the omega end of a fatty acid molecule is the acid portion of the molecule
c.) the fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
d.) a fatty acid is a polymer of glucose molecules

Answer 183

c.) the fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

Question 184

Soy, rice and dairy-alternative products are excellent substitutes for low-fat or full fat dairy products, because they…

a.) are essentially fat free
b.) contain mainly unsaturated fats
c.) contain more potassium than dairy products

Answer 184

b.) contain mainly unsaturated fats

Question 185

Fat oxidation decreases as exercise intensity increases, because the…

a.) phosphagen system has an unlimited capacity to produce ATP
b.) anaerobic system is a very complex, multiprocess pathway
c.) aerobic system can only use carbs for energy
d.) aerobic system has a slow rate of ATP production

Answer 185

d.) aerobic system has a slow rate of ATP production

Question 186

Which of the following amino acids can be metabolized for energy directly within the muscle cell without first needing to be converted to glucose?

a.) valine
b.) glutamine
c.) arginine

Answer 186

a.) valine

Question 187

How many grams of protein are recommended for recovery from exercise?

a.) 0.8g per kg of bodyweight
b.) 1.2 to 2g per key of bodyweight
c.) 4g per kg of bodyweight

Answer 187

b.) 1.2 to 2g per key of bodyweight

Question 188

True or False: athletes have higher protein requirements than their sedentary counterparts and, as a result, protein supplementation should be recommended.

Answer 188

False

Question 189

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of proteins?

a.) the primary structure refers to its 3D shape
b.) the amino acid sequence that constitutes a protein has no effect on protein structure
c.) the shape of a protein often dictates its function in the body
d.) the tertiary structure of a protein is the coiling or folding caused by hydrogen bonds

Answer 189

c.) the shape of a protein often dictates its function in the body

Question 190

Which of the following statements is false?

a.) niacin prevents pellagra
b.) vitamin A prevents cystic fibrosis
c.) vitamin K helps with blood clotting
d.) vitamin C prevents scurvy

Answer 190

b.) vitamin A prevents cystic fibrosis

Question 191

True or False: a coenzyme is an organic molecule that attaches to an enzyme and activates or increases its ability to catalyze metabolic reactions.

Answer 191

True

Question 192

Storage of high quantities of which of the following will create symptoms of toxicity related to hypercalcemia?

a.) vitamin A
b.) vitamin D
c.) vitamin E
d.) vitamin K

Answer 192

b.) vitamin D

Question 193

Which of the following may result from a deficiency of Vitamin B12?

a.) sports anemia
b.) iron-deficiency anemia
c.) pernicious anemia
d.) microcyctic anemia

Answer 193

c.) pernicious anemia

Question 194

Which mineral was the first to be incorporated into a fortification program in the US?

a.) iron
b.) calcium
c.) iodine
d.) folate

Answer 194

c.) iodine

Question 195

Water makes up what percentage of the average human body weight?

a.) 5-10%
b.) 20-30%
c.) 55-60%
d.) 70% or more

Answer 195

c.) 55-60%

Question 196

Which of the following is NOT a form of insensible perspiration?

a.) water lost as a result of breathing
b.) water seeping through the skin and evaporating during resting conditions
c.) sweating during exercise

Answer 196

c.) sweating during exercise

Question 197

True or False: growth hormones, anabolic and androgenic steroids, caffeine, beta-blockers and ephedrine are examples of nutritional ergogenic aids.

Answer 197

False

Question 198

True or False: athletes need to be very wary of nutritional ergogenics, because most have not been evaluated with regard to long-term use.

Answer 198

True

Question 199

True or False: dietary supplement labels are regulated by the FDA.

Answer 199

False

Question 200

Consumers seeking high quality and high purity from the nutritional supplements they purchase should look for which of the following logos on the label?

a.) DSHEA
b.) FDA
c.) USP
d.) FTC

Answer 200

c.) USP

Question 201

Because supplement manufacturers do not to prove their product’s safety, efficacy or accuracy of ingredients before they hit the market, nutritional supplements could contain which of the following?

a.) none of the ingredients listed on the label
b.) all of the ingredients listed on the label
c.) ingredients that are not listed on the label
d.) all of these are correct

Answer 201

d.) all of these are correct

Question 202

True or False: the practice of warming up prior to a sport competition is considered a physiological ergogenic aid.

Answer 202

True

Question 203

True or False: slower, more gradual weight loss is more likely to produce fat weight loss over muscle weight loss.

Answer 203

True

Question 204

True or False: the specific gravity of the urine must be at or below 1.02 at the time of a wrestling weight certification.

Answer 204

True

Question 205

The body composition measurement technique that uses a three-component model for measuring fat mass, bone mineral mass and lean mass through low-energy radiography technology is called.

a.) BIA
b.) Bod Pod
c.) DEXA

Answer 205

c.) DEXA

Question 206

Which of the following statements is true regarding fat loss?

a.) regardless of diet strategy, the rate of fat loss is a function of the degree of energy deficit created by it
b.) fat loss is maximized when protein is greater than 3g/kg/day
c.) restriction of fat calories creates greater fat loss than an equal restriction of carb calories
d.) restriction of carb calories creates greater fat loss than an equal restriction of fat calories

Answer 206

a.) regardless of diet strategy, the rate of fat loss is a function of the degree of energy deficit created by it

Question 207

Which of the following is true under the new weight certification program in NCAA wrestling?

a.) the athlete can go either up or down in a weight category
b.) the athlete can compete in a higher weight category
c.) the athlete can compete in a lower weight category
d.) the athlete must compete all season long in the weight classification determined in December

Answer 207

b.) the athlete can compete in a higher weight category

Question 208

True or False: low fat diets are more effected than isocaloric low carb diets in improving body composition (ex: decreasing total fat mass).

Answer 208

False

Question 209

A female competitive runner weighs 154lbs. According to expert recommendations, how many grams of carbs daily should she consume?

a.) 350-500g
b.) 420-700g
c.) 720-1000g

Answer 209

b.) 420-700g

Question 210

For an endurance athlete who exercises 20+ hours a week, how many grams of protein should be consumed daily?

a.) 1.2-1.4g per kg of bodyweight
b.) 1.4-1.7g per kg of bodyweight
c.) 1.7-2g per kg of bodyweight
d.) 2-2.4g per kg of bodyweight

Answer 210

c.) 1.7-2g per kg of bodyweight

Question 211

True or False: fat loading in the days and weeks prior to an event is recommended as a method of enhancing athletic performance.

Answer 211

False

Question 212

Which of the following is NOT a main nutritional concern for endurance athletes?

a.) fat intake
b.) total calories ingested daily
c.) fluid consumption during workouts
d.) carb consumption

Answer 212

a.) fat intake

Question 213

Endurance athletes completing a taper prior to an event are recommended to consume which of the following relative daily intakes of carbs during the taper, in order to maximize glycogen stores for the event?

a.) 3-5/kg/day
b.) 6-8/kg/day
c.) 10-12g/kg/day

Answer 213

c.) 10-12g/kg/day

Question 214

In order to delay fatigue during training sessions, strength/power athletes should consume appropriate amounts of which form of energy?

a.) fats
b.) proteins
c.) carbs
d.) fats and proteins

Answer 214

c.) carbs

Question 215

How do the recommended intakes of carbs following a training session compare between endurance athletes and strength/power athletes?

a.) endurance athletes have higher recommended relative carb intake levels
b.) strength/power athletes have higher recommended relative carb intake levels
c.) they are the same

Answer 215

c.) they are the same

Question 216

Which of the following is a possible result when strength/power athletes who are trying to gain muscle mass consume extra calories without also increasing training?

a.) the extra calories could contribute to larger fat stores
b.) muscle mass could be used as an energy source, resulting in weight loss
c.) the extra calories could contribute to larger muscle mass
d.) all of the above

Answer 216

a.) the extra calories could contribute to larger fat stores

Question 217

True or False: in certain strength/power sports, an athlete who has to repeatedly perform strength/power movements over a period of time with relatively short intervals of rest in between has to rely on the aerobic energy system to delay the onset of fatigue.

Answer 217

True

Question 218

True or False: the available evidence indicates that athletes who consume an adequate amount of calories to meet their training and competition needs also meet the RDA for the majority of micronutrients.

Answer 218

True

Question 219

What level of protein should a basketball player in the off-season trying to gain muscle mass consume?

a.) 0.5-1g of protein per kg of bodyweight
b.) 1-1.5g of protein per kg of bodyweight
c.) 1.5-2g of protein per kg of bodyweight
d.) greater than 2g of protein per kg of bodyweight

Answer 219

d.) greater than 2g of protein per kg of bodyweight

Question 220

True or False: the appropriate ratio of carb to protein to consume during or immediately after a training session to help maintain or restore muscle glycogen levels is 8:1.

Answer 220

False

Question 221

True or False: the diagnosis criteria for type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the same.

Answer 221

True

Question 222

What is the daily requirement for calcium for women over age 50?

a.) 800mg/day
b.) 1,000mg/day
c.) 1,200mg/day
d.) 1,500mg/day

Answer 222

c.) 1,200mg/day

Question 223

If an athlete’s glucose level prior to exercise is greater than 250mg/dL, the athlete should do which of the following?

a.) exercise, because exercise decreases blood glucose levels
b.) test the urine for glucose
c.) test the urine ketones prior to initiating exercise
d.) never exercise is glucose is greater than 250mg/dL

Answer 223

c.) test the urine ketones prior to initiating exercise

Question 224

How many additional calories do pregnant athletes need to consume during pregnancy in a day?

a.) 300 calories
b.) 500 calories
c.) 600 calories
d.) 800 calories

Answer 224

a.) 300 calories

Question 225

A binge-drinking episode is defined as which of the following?

a.) more than 5 alcoholic drinks for men and 4 for women
b.) more than 6 alcoholic drinks for men and 3 for women
c.) more than 8 alcoholic drinks for men and 5 for women
d.) more than 4 alcoholic drinks at a time for men and 2 for women

Answer 225

a.) more than 5 alcoholic drinks for men and 4 for women

Question 226

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of diabetes?

a.) feelings of fullness or satiety
b.) unexplained weight gain
c.) fasting blood glucose levels <126mg/dL
d.) casual blood glucose concentration of >200mg/dL

Answer 226

d.) casual blood glucose concentration of >200mg/dL

Question 227

An individual unable to regular their blood glucose level, because the pancreas does not secrete insulin, is diagnosed with which of the following?

a.) type 1 diabetes
b.) type 2 diabetes

Answer 227

a.) type 1 diabetes

Question 228

Unmanaged diabetes can cause…

a.) hypoglycemia
b.) decreased risk for kidney disease
c.) increased risk for peripheral nerve damage
d.) decreased risk for heart disease

Answer 228

a.) hypoglycemia