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GCSE Biology > Topic 2: Cells & Control > Flashcards

Topic 2: Cells & Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

A series of stages where cells divide to produce new cells

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2
Q

When a cell isn’t dividing, it’s in interphase. What three things does the cell do before dividing?

A
  1. Grows in size
  2. Increases amount of sub cellular structures
  3. Duplicates DNA
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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides.

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4
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
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5
Q

What is prophase?

A

When chromosomes condense from DNA
The membrane around nucleus breaks down

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6
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to the centromere on the chromosome

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7
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract & pull apart the chromosome to the opposite sides of the cell

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8
Q

What is telophase?

A

Nuclear membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

2 genetically identical diploid cells daughter are produced

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10
Q

How to remember stages of mitosis?

A

Pee MAT Cat

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11
Q

What does mitosis do?

A

Allows organisms to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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12
Q

What are the three methods of growth?

A
  1. Cell differentiation - when a cell changes to become specialised for its job
  2. Cell division - mitosis
  3. Cell elongation (plants only)
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13
Q

What is a percentile chart?

A

They’re used to monitor a child’s growth
Used to see if there should be a cause for concern for the baby
E.g. 50th percentile = the size that 50% of children will reach at a certain age

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide to produce lots more stem cells, these can differentiate into many other types of cells
Can be grown in a lab and made to differentiate

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15
Q

What can stem cells from adult animals become?

A

A limited amount of cells

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16
Q

What can stem cells from a human embryo become?

A

Any kind of human cell
There are moral and ethical arguments against the use of these

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17
Q

What can stem cells from plant meristem become?

A

Any kind of plant cell

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18
Q

What are some potential benefits of the uses of stem cells in becoming differentiated for medicine?

A

Could replace cells that have been damaged by disease or injury
E.g. cardiac muscle cells treat heart disease

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19
Q

What are some potential risks of the uses of stem cells in becoming differentiated for medicine?

A

Tumour development
Disease transmission (if the donor stem cells are infected with a virus)
Rejection by patients immune system

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla oblongata
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21
Q

What is the role of the cerebrum?

A

Controls: movement, intelligence, memory, language & vision

2 parts of the cerebrum (hemispheres) - right hemisphere controls movement of the left side of the body & left hemisphere controls movement of the right side of the body

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22
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Controls: muscle coordination & balance

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23
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls: unconscious activities

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24
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord
CNS = centralised nervous system

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25
Q

Why is treating and investigating the CNS and brain difficult?

A

Complex and delicate
CNS nervous tissues cannot be repaired
Operating on the brain or spinal cord risks permanent damage
Tumours can grow in parts of the brain that are hard to access

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26
Q

What are neurones?

A

Cells that carry information as electrical impulses in the nervous system. The nervous system means that humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

27
Q

What’s a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical messenger
E.g. dopamine

28
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Synapse
Relay neurone
Synapse
Motor neuron
Effector
Release

29
Q

How to remember the process of the reflex arc?

A

Smelly - Stimulus
Rectum - Receptor
Smelly - Sensory neurone
Smelly - Synapse
Rectum - Relay neurone
Smelly - Synapse
Men - Motor neurone
Eat - Effector
Rectum - Release

30
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones
A nerve signal is transferred across a synapse by the diffusion of neurotransmitters

31
Q

What are effectors?

A

Effectors can be muscles (which respond to nervous impulses by contracting) or glands (which secrete hormones)

32
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A
  1. Sensory neurone
  2. Motor neurone
  3. Relay neurone
33
Q

What does a sensory neurone do? What is its structure?

A

Converts a stimulus into an electrical impulse and transmits the impulse from receptor cells to the relay neurone in the spinal cord by neurotransmission

Structure: receptor cells detect electrical impulse, dendrite, cell body, axon where the impulse is transmitted/passes through

34
Q

What does a motor neurone do? What is its structure?

A

Transmits electrical impulses from the relay neurones to effector cells to generate a response

Structure: cell body, dendrites, myelin sheath which insulates the axon and speeds up the impulses, axon which passes the impulse, effector cells

35
Q

What does a relay neurone do? What is its structure?

A

Carries impulses from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones

Structure: cell body where the impulse is detected, dendrites, axon where the impulse passes through

36
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates the axon
Speeds up electrical impulses

37
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain, they can reduce the chance of injury

38
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex, from receptor to effector

39
Q

What are the steps of the reflex arc?

A
  1. Stimulation of receptor
  2. Impulses travel along sensory neurone
  3. Impulses passed along relay neurone in CNS
  4. Impulses travel along motor neurone
  5. Effector responds, e.g. muscle contracts
40
Q

How do painkillers work?

A

Painkillers act on neurones in the spinal cord
They block the release of neurotransmitters
If the neurotransmitter isn’t released, no impulse can be generated in the next neurone

41
Q

What are the stages of neurotransmission?

A
  1. Electrical impulses reaches axon terminal
  2. Vesicles are triggered to release neurotransmitters
  3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse
  4. Electrical impulse is generated at the dentrite
  5. The electrical impulse travels down the next neurone
42
Q

What is the structure of the eye? (Outside —> inside)

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Pupil
  3. Iris
  4. Lens
  5. Retina
  6. Optic nerve
43
Q

What is the role of the cornea?

A

Refracts light into the eye

44
Q

What is the role of the iris?

A

Contains muscles controlling pupil size

45
Q

What is the role of the lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

46
Q

What is the role of the retina?

A

Contains receptor cells that are sensitive to light intensity (rods) and colours (cones)

47
Q

What is the role of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses from receptor cells to the brain

48
Q

How does the eye focus to look at near objects?

A

Lens becomes thicker
Light refracted more

49
Q

How does the eye focus to look at distant objects?

A

Lens becomes thinner
Light refracted less

50
Q

What are the four common defects of the eye?

A
  1. Long sightedness
  2. Short sightedness
  3. Colour blindness
  4. Cataracts
51
Q

What is longsightedness and how can it be fixed?

A

When lens doesn’t bend light enough or eyeball is too short so image of near objects is brought into focus’s behind the retina
Fixed using convex lens

52
Q

What is shortsightedness and how can it be fixed?

A

When lens bends light too much or eyeball is too long so images of distant objects are brought into focus in front of retina
Fixed using concave lens

53
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

When some cones (eye receptors that allow colour to be seen) don’t work properly and so colours are hard to tell apart

54
Q

What are cataracts and how can they be fixed?

A

They’re cloudy patches on the lens and therefore cause blurred vision
Fixed by replacing lens with an artificial one

55
Q

What is the function of the reflex arc? Why?

A

To protect the body against dangers and threats - creates an involuntary response to a stimulus

56
Q

What are the 3 scanning techniques?

A
  1. CT scans
  2. PET scans
  3. MRI scans
57
Q

What is an awake craniotomy?

A

When peoples brains are operated on whilst they are awake - to ensure no other parts of the brain have been harmed

58
Q

What is PET scanning?

A

When a radioactive tracer is swallowed, these tracers collect in areas of increased blood flow (where there are clots and tumours)

59
Q

Advantages of PET scans?

A

Structure and function of the brain can be studied
Helps understand diseases like Parkinson’s

60
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

When a 3D image of the brain is produced using X-rays

61
Q

Advantages of CT scans?

A

Physical features of the brain are shown
Allows any visualisation of any tissue

62
Q

Disadvantages of CT scans?

A

Don’t directly show function of the brain structures
Not recommended for pregnant patients or children - x ray radiation is given at a higher level than normal x rays

63
Q

What are all 6 stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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