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mla > A&P Part 3 > Flashcards

A&P Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

responsible for carrying o2 and food to all the cells & CO2 and wastes from the cells, fluid and electrolytes for the maintenance of homeostasis, transports hormones and enzymes, transports antibodies to guard againsts infections, and controls body temperature

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

normal blood volume

A

4.73L

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3
Q

the process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell

A

Cellular differentiation or simply cell differentiation

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4
Q

gives rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, all of which function in immunity

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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5
Q

gives rise to all the other formed elements, including erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes

A

Myeloid stem cells

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6
Q

a glycoprotein hormone

prompts the production of erythrocytes

A

Erythroproietin

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7
Q

a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidneys

triggers in the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

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8
Q

glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells, including bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells

A

Cytokines

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9
Q

are cells that have granules in the cytoplasm

A

granulocytes

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10
Q

cells that do not have granules in the cytoplasm (lymphocytes and monocytes)

A

Non-granulocytes

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11
Q

commonly known as red blood cell

primary function is to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues and to pick up some (about 24%) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation

A

Erythrocyte

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12
Q

what is an immature erythrocyte called

A

reticulocyte

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13
Q

increased retic count means that a lot of RBC’s are being _____, a decreased retic count means that RBC production is ______

A

produced; slower

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14
Q

are biconcave disks

provides a greater surface area across which gas exchanges can occur, relative to its volume

A

Erythrocyte

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15
Q

Large molecule made up of proteins and iron

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

Causes the body to assume a yellowish tings associated with jaundice

A

Bilirubin

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17
Q

Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract

A

Pernicious anemia

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18
Q

Is required for the absorption of Vit B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBC’s

A

Intrinsic factor

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19
Q

Failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets

A

Aplastic Anemia

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20
Q

Caused by an excessive destruction of RBC’s often because they ate deformed

treatment is splenectomy

A

Hemolytic Anemia

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21
Q

An inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, African and Southeast Asia, in which maturation of the RBCs does not proceed normally

Treatment is blood transfusions

A

Thalassemia

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22
Q

an elevated RBC count

blood disorder that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells

treatment is phlebotomy on a regular basis, every 2-3 weeks

A

Polycythemia

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23
Q

commonly known as white blood cells

major component of the body’s defenses against diseases

protects the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris

A

Leukocyte

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24
Q

Leukocytosis

A

an increase in wbc

indicates an infection or virus

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25
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in wbc that may indicate a virus or leukemia or chemotherapy

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26
Q

are rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria

captures and destroys the invading bacteria or microorganisms by setting traps and ingesting them

A

neutrophils

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27
Q

are often involved in conditions that are associated with excessive inflammation, such as allergies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases

A

eosinophils

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28
Q

the least common leukocytes

releases two enzymes, histamine and heparin during allergic reactions

A

Basophils

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29
Q

granules of basophils release histamine which contributes to ____ and heparin to opposes to ____ _____

A

inflammation; blood clotting

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30
Q

are the second most common type of leukocyte

has no granules in the cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

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31
Q

can destroy potential threats without prior exposure to a particular pathogen

A

Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

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32
Q

plays a prominent role in defending the body against specific pathogen

A

B cell (B lymphocytes) and T cells (T lymphocytes)

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33
Q

produces antibodies that destroy antigens or the pathogen associated with a particular antigen

A

B cells

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34
Q

are key fighters in what’s known as adaptive immune systems.

fights only one type of intruder

A

T cells

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35
Q

originate from myeloid stem cells

eats up waste in blood

A

Monocytes

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36
Q

referred to as thrombocytes

not a cell but rather a fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell called megakaryocyte

A

platelets

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37
Q

when the wall of a vessel is damaged

A

Vasoconstriction

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38
Q

platelets begin to clump together, becomes spiked and sticky, and bind to the exposed collagen and endothelial lining.

they simultaneously release chemicals from their granules into the plasma that further contribute to hemostasis

A

formation of primary platelet plug

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39
Q

normally is triggered by trauma

PT is the test used to evaluate this pathway

A

The extrinsic pathway

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40
Q

begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel

PTT is the test used to evaluate this pathway

A

Intrinsic pathway

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41
Q

3 stages of clotting in the common pathway

A
  1. tissue thromboplastin + blood Ca + several blood proteins = active tissue thromboplastin
  2. prothrombin + thromboplastin + several blood proteins + Ca = thrombin
  3. fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin produces fibrin (blood clot)
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42
Q

gradual degratdaion of the clot

A

fibrinolysis

43
Q

medications to prevent clotting

A

coumadin, heparin, warfarin, aspirin

44
Q

immune to malaria

A

duffy

45
Q

A antigen and anti B antibody

A

type A

46
Q

B antigen and anti A antibody

A

type B

47
Q

both A and B antigen and no antibody

A

type AB

48
Q

no antigen and both anti A and B antibodies

A

type O

49
Q

the heart pumps nearly how many gallons of blood each day?

A

4000

50
Q

pumps blood in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of the cells of the body for the substances that it transports

A

heart

51
Q

avg heart contraction?

A

75 contractions per minute

52
Q

located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum

A

the heart

53
Q

the receiving chambers

A

right atrium and left atrium

54
Q

contracts to push blood

A

right and left ventricle

55
Q

tricuspid valve and mitral valve (bicuspid)

guards the opening between the atria and ventricle

allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles

prevents the blood from back flowing from the ventricular into the atria

A

cuspid valve

56
Q

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

prevents the blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary and aortic arteries

A

semilunar valve

57
Q

two major types of cardiac muscle cells

A

myocardial contractile cells and myocardial conducting cells

58
Q

constitutes the bulk of the cells in the atria and ventricles

conducts impulses and are responsible for contractions that pump blood through the body

A

myocardial contractile cells

59
Q

forms the conduction system of the heart

A

myocardial conducting cells

60
Q

forms the bulk of the heart

A

myocardium

61
Q

functions to supply the heart with blood

A

coronary arteries

62
Q

___ ____ is where the oxygenated blood leaves the heart and start its journey through the body

A

left ventricle

63
Q

the first of many branches off the aorta

A

coronary artery branches

64
Q

supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle (where deoxygenated blood goes before heading to the lungs)

A

Right coronary Artery

65
Q

supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle.

this is where the oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs before the heart pumps it out to the rest of your body

A

left main coronary artery

66
Q

normal cardiac rhythm is established by the ____ ____

has the highest inherent rate of depolarization and is known as the pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

67
Q

second clump of specialized myocardial conductive cells

located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

68
Q

a branch of fibers (nerve cells) that extends from your AV node.

receives the electrical signal from the AV node and carries it to the Purkinje fibers

A

The bundle of HIS

69
Q

branches of specialized nerve cells

sends electrical signals very quickly to your right and left heart ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

70
Q

buildup of fatty material called plaque on the inside of the coronary arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

71
Q

also known as heart attack

blood clot plugs one of the branches of a coronary artery as it does frequently in coronary thrombosis or embolism

A

Myocardial infarction

72
Q

Angina
Myocardial Infarction
Congestive Heart Failure
Bacterial endocarditis
Coronary heart disease

A

Diseases of the heart

73
Q

delivers oxygen to vital organs and tissues and remove waste products

includes veins, arteries, and capillaries

A

blood vessels

74
Q

inner layer

regulates blood pressure, prevents blood clots and keeps toxins out of your blood

keeps your blood flowing smoothly

A

tunica intima

75
Q

middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one direction

helps vessels expand and contract

A

tunica media

76
Q

outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels

delivers oxygen and nutrients from your blood to your cells and helps removes waste

also gives vessels structure and support

A

Tunica Adventitia

77
Q

leads away from the heart

carry oxygenated blood to the body

carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Arteries

78
Q

small arteries

A

arterioles

79
Q

the only artery that does not carry oxygen rich blood

A

pulmonary artery

80
Q

carries blood towards the heart

carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

veins

81
Q

small veins

A

venules

82
Q

smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles to the venules

where gases, nutrients, waste product and other substances are exchanged

A

capillaries

83
Q

one way drainage system that flows only toward the heart

system of vessels, cells and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood

A

Lymphatic system

84
Q

the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death

A

immune system

85
Q

organs of the lymphatic system

A

bone marrow
thymus
lymph node
Spleen
Lymph

86
Q

has the vital job of making white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

A

bone marrow

87
Q

most active during puberty

where T-cells fully mature

A

thymus

88
Q

bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through them

clears out damaged cells and cancer cells

also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria

A

lymph node

89
Q

Largest lymphatic organ

Filters blood and removes cells that are old or not working properly

Also keeps red blood cells and platelets available

A

Spleen

90
Q

Tubes that form a complex network throughout your body

A

Lymphatic vessel

91
Q

Two collecting ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

92
Q

A collection of barriers, cells and soluble proteins that interact and communicate with each other in extraordinarily complex ways

A

Immune system

93
Q

Three temporal phases

A

Barrier defences
Innate immune responses
Adaptive immune response

94
Q

Skin and mucous membranes, which act instantaneously to prevent pathogenic invasion of the body tissue

A

Barrier defence

95
Q

Rapid but nonspecific

Consists of a variety of specialized cells and soluble factors

A

Innate immune response

96
Q

Slower but specific and effective adaptive immune response

Involves many cell types and soluble factors but is primarily controlled by white blood cells

A

Adaptive immune response

97
Q

Function primarily by producing antibodies

A

B cells

98
Q

Is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens

A

Antibody

99
Q

A chemical structure on the surface of a pathogen that binds to T or B lymphocyte antigen receptors

A

Antigen

100
Q

Does not secrete antibodies but performs a variety if functions in the adaptive immune response

A

T cells

101
Q

a B cell that has differentiated in response to antigen binding, and has thereby gained the ability to secrete soluble antibodies

A

Plasma cell

102
Q

A circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its extensive cytoplasm

Among the body’s first lines of defence against viruses and certain types of cancer

A

Natural Killer cells

103
Q

Releases antibodies in response to antigens

Are also called plasmacytes or effector cells

A

Plasma cells

104
Q

Remembers antigens

A

Memory cells

mla (12 decks)

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