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Social Psych > Social Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Social Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Self-Concept?

A

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

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2
Q

What is Rudimentary self-concept?

A

-Some primates
-Humans 18-24 months

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3
Q

What is child’s self-concept?

A

-concrete
-references to characteristics like age, sex, neighborhood, and hobbies

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4
Q

What is maturing self-concept?

A

-Less emphasis on physical characteristics
-More emphasis on psychological states and how other people judge us

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5
Q

Independent view of the self

A

-defines self through own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not other peoples
-Independence and uniqueness valued
-Held in many western cultures

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6
Q

INTERdependent view of the self

A

-defines self through relationships to others
-recognizes that others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions affect one’s behavior
-connectedness, interdependence valued
-uniqueness frowned upon
-held in many Asian and non-western cultures

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7
Q

4 main functions of self

A
  1. self-knowledge - the way we understand who we are and organize this information
  2. Self-control - the way we make plans and execute decisions
  3. Impression management - The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen
  4. Self-esteem - the way we maintain positive views of ourselves
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8
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inward and examining our own thoughts, feelings, and motives
- useful but not perfect
- not always pleasant to think about ourselves

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9
Q

Self-awareness theory

A

the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

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10
Q

Escaping the self

A

-self focus can be aversive
-some dangerous ways to turn off one’s “internal spotlight”
(alcohol abuse, binge eating, sex)

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11
Q

Nonaversive use of self focus

A

-can be pleasant (experiencing success)
-can remind you of your sense of right and wrong

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12
Q

Self-perception theory

A

Theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

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13
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self perception process in which people:
- first experience physiological arousal
-then seek an appropriate explanation for it

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14
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

-Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
-arousal from one source (exercise or fright) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (like attraction to someone)

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15
Q

**Intrinsic motivation

A

engage in an activity because of enjoyment or interest, not external rewards or pressures

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16
Q

***Extrinsic motivation

A

engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because of enjoyment or interest

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17
Q

Overjustification effect

A

Tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

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18
Q

Task contingent rewards

A

rewards given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done (participation trophy)

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19
Q

Performance-contingent rewards

A

rewards based on how well we perform a task
-less damaging to intrinsic interest

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20
Q

Fixed mindset

A

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cant change

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21
Q

Growth mindset

A

the idea that achievement is the result of working hard, trying new strategies, and seeking input from others

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22
Q

Social comparison theory

A

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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23
Q

****upward social comparison

A

to know the top level to which we can aspire
-comparing to people who are better with regard to a particular trait or ability

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24
Q

**Downward social comparison

A

to feel better about ourselves
-comparing to people who are worse with regard to a particular trait or ability

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25
Q

self-control

A

the ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long term goals

26
Q

Impression management

A

the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

27
Q

Ingratiation

A

flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likeable to another person, often of higher status

28
Q

Self-handicapping

A

-creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves
-if we do poorly on a task we can avoid blaming ourselves

29
Q

Behavioral self-handicapping

A

-acting in ways that reduce the likelihood of success
-if we fail, we blame it on obstacles rather than ability
-pulling an all nighter before a test

30
Q

reported self-handicapping

A

-devising ready made excuses in case we fail
ex. complaining about not feeling well before a test

31
Q

desire to manage image we present

A

culturally universal

32
Q

Kinds of images we want to present
ex. “saving face” is important in asian cultures

A

cultural differences

33
Q

***Cognitive dissonance

A

discomfort that people feel when two cognitions (beliefs, attitudes) conflict, or when they behave in ways that threaten their self-esteem

34
Q

**Ways to reduce dissonance

A
  1. change behavior
  2. justify behavior by changing one of the dissonant cognitions
  3. justify behavior by adding new cognitions
35
Q

Postdecision dissonance

A

dissonance aroused after making a decision
-typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluating the rejected alternatives

36
Q

Justification of effort

A

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
-especially if they have freely chosen to exert the effort

37
Q
A
38
Q

counterattitudinal behavior

A

acting in a way that runs counter to one’s private beliefs

39
Q

**External justification

A

-explaining a counterattitudinal behavior as due to something about the situation or environment
-ex. believing the behavior was justified by a large reward

40
Q

***Internal justification

A

-the reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself
ex. one’s attitude or behavior

41
Q

Ben Franklin effect

A

doing a favor for someone we dislike will make us like them more
behavior is dissonant with attitude

42
Q

Dissonance example

A
  1. conscience says it’s wrong to cheat
  2. but you will get poor grade if you don’t cheat
43
Q

Discouraging temptation

A

harsh punishment or the threat of it doesn’t work long-term
-only teaches people not to get caught

44
Q

Severe punishment

A

-provides strong external justification
-encourages temporary compliance
-but prevents real attitude change

45
Q

Self-affirmation theory

A

the idea that people can reduce threats to their self-esteem by affirming themselves in areas unrelated to the source of the threat

46
Q

Narcissism

A

the combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others

47
Q

Terror management theory

A

self-esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality

48
Q

***Explicit attitudes

A

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

49
Q

**Implicit attitudes

A

attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious

50
Q

Subjective norms

A

people’s beliefs about how others they care about will view the behavior in question

51
Q

Perceived behavioral control

A

intentions influenced by the ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior

52
Q

Subjective norms

A

people’s beliefs about how others they care about will view the behavior in question

53
Q

perceived behavioral control

A

intentions influenced by the ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior

54
Q

How do attitudes change?

A

it’s often due to social influence

55
Q

***Peripheral route to persuasion

A

-when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics
-persuaded by things peripheral to the message

56
Q

***Central route to persuasion

A

-when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication
-most persuaded by logically compelling facts

57
Q

**Lowball technique

A

buy something but need to buy add ones for full experience

58
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

our deal is done but now im gonna go for a second deal

59
Q

door in the face technique

A

im gonna ask you for something ridiculous asking for $3.99 instead of $200 bc it seems cheaper but still not worth the price

60
Q

Introspection could lead to what?

A

self actualization

61
Q

through time we develop a sense of self that has the ability to be modified by what

A

-upward and downward
-internal vs external rewards

Social Psych (3 decks)

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