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PHCP 2 > Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, COPD > Flashcards

Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, COPD Flashcards

1
Q

Exaggerated response to antigen

A

Hypersensitivity

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2
Q

Type of antigen that enters the body

A

Exogenous

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3
Q

Any substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies against it

A

Antigen

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4
Q

Blood group antigen

A

Endogenous

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5
Q

Normal proteins or complexes that are recognised by the immune system of someone with an autoimmune condition

A

Auto-antigen

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6
Q

A type of antigen that produces abnormally vigorous immune response

A

Allergen

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7
Q

IgE mediated release of histamine, mast cells, and basophils

A

Type 1: Allergic reaction (immediate hypersensitivity)

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8
Q

Reaction within 1 hour

A

Type 1: Allergic reaction (immediate hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

Ex: Bee sting, latex allergy, medications (penicillin), urticaria, anaphylaxis, atopy

A

Type 1: Allergic reaction (immediate hypersensitivity)

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10
Q

Treatment for Anaphylaxis

A

Epinephrine

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11
Q

Genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis

A

Atopy

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12
Q

Allergic disease in atopy

A

Allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis

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13
Q

Involves IgG and IgM bound cell surface antigens

A

Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction

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14
Q

Hours to days rxn

A

Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction

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15
Q

Ex: Hemolytic reactions (bursting or destruction of RBC) with medications (ex. Sulfa drugs such as cotrimoxazole cause hemolytic anemia), graft rejections

A

Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction

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16
Q

Involves circulating IgG and IgM immune complex that deposits in post capillary venules

A

Type 3: Immune complex reaction

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17
Q

1-3 weeks rxn

A

Type 3: Immune complex reaction

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18
Q

Example: SLE, Serum sickness

A

Type 3: Immune complex reaction

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19
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity

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20
Q

Mediated by T-cells rather than antibodies

A

Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity

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21
Q

Example: Mantoux test

A

Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity

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22
Q

Ex: nickel (cancerous) allergy, SJS, poison ivy

A

Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity

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23
Q

Poison ivy due to Urushiol, can cause

A

Contact dermatitis

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24
Q

Involves inflammation of nasal mucous membranes in sensitized individuals when inhaled allergenic particles contact mucous membranes and elicit a response mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE).

A

ALLERGIC RHINITIS

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25
Q

Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity

A

Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin, tryptase, kinins

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26
Q

_________ produces rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and nasal obstruction

A

Histamine

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27
Q

Allergic rhinitis:
Response lasting <4 days/ week or <4 weeks per year

A

Intermittent

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28
Q

Allergic rhinitis:
Response lasting >4 days/week or >4 weeks/ year

A

Persistent

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29
Q

Allergic rhinitis:
Symptoms that do not interfere with quality of life

A

Mild

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30
Q

Allergic rhinitis:
Symptoms that interfere with quality of life such as sleep disturbance and work performance

A

Moderate to severe

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31
Q

Occurs in response to specific antigens present at predictable times of the year

A

Seasonal (hay fever) allergic rhinitis

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32
Q

Occurs year-round in response to nonseasonal allergens and usually causes more subtle, chronic symptoms.

A

Persistent allergic rhinitis

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33
Q

dark circles under the eyes

A

allergic shiners

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34
Q

safer and more generally accepted than
intradermal testing

A

Percutaneous testing

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35
Q

can detect IgE antibodies in the blood that are specific for a given antigen, but it is less sensitive than percutaneous tests

A

radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

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36
Q

effective in preventing the histamine response but not in reversing its effects after they have occurred

A

H1-receptor antagonists

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37
Q

more effective when taken 1 to 2 hours before anticipated exposure to the offending allergen

A

Antihistamines

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38
Q

sympathomimetic agents that act on adrenergic
receptors in nasal mucosa

A

Decongestants

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39
Q

may occur with prolonged use of topical agents (>3–5 days)

A

Rhinitis medicamentosa

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40
Q

has replaced pseudoephedrine in many nonprescription antihistamine–decongestant

A

Phenylephrine

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41
Q

relieve sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and nasal congestion with minimal side effects

A

Intranasal corticosteroids

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42
Q

They reduce inflammation by blocking mediator release, suppressing neutrophil chemotaxis, causing mild vasoconstriction, and inhibiting mast cell–mediated, late-phase reactions.

A

Nasal Corticosteroids

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43
Q

mast cell stabilizer, is available as a nonprescription nasal spray for symptomatic prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis

A

Cromolyn Sodium

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44
Q

It prevents antigen-triggered mast cell degranulation and release of mediators, including histamine

A

Cromolyn Sodium

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45
Q

The most common side effect of Cromolyn Sodium

A

local irritation

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46
Q

anticholinergic agent that may be useful in persistent allergic rhinitis

A

Ipratropium bromide

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47
Q

It exhibits antisecretory properties when applied locally and provides symptomatic relief of rhinorrhea.

A

Ipratropium bromide

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48
Q

leukotriene receptor antagonist approved for treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis in children as young as 6 months

A

Montelukast

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49
Q

considered third-line therapy after those agents

A

Montelukast

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50
Q

Adr of decongestants

A

Anorexant

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51
Q

process of administering doses of antigens
responsible for eliciting allergic symptoms into a
patient

A

Immunotherapy

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52
Q

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing using the air passage to narrow and cause shortness of breath

A

Asthma

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53
Q

The inflammation is due to bronchi hyper
responsiveness to a variety of stimuli

A

Asthma

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54
Q

Induces a thickened, engorged, edematous airway wall and narrowing of the air lumen.

A

Plasma protein leakage

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55
Q

Migrates to the airways and release inflammatory mediators

A

Eosinophils

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56
Q

Release cytokines from type 2 T-helper cells that mediate allergic inflammation

A

T- lymphocytes

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57
Q

produces IL-2 and interferon gamma that are essential for cellular defense mechanism

A

Type 1- T- helper

58
Q

Release of histamine, eosinophil, and neutrophil
chemotactic factors, leukotriene C4, D4 and E4,
prostaglandin and platelet activating factors.

A

Mast Cell degranulation

59
Q

release a number of inflammatory mediators
including PAF and leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4

A

Alveolar macrophages

60
Q

Releases eicosanoids, peptidases, matrix proteins, cytokines, and nitric oxide.

A

Bronchial epithelial cells

61
Q

Expectorated mucus from patients with
asthma are _____________

A

highly viscous

62
Q

Characterized by episodic dyspnea with wheezing

A

Chronic asthma

63
Q

Progression to Acute state:
☐ Inflammation
☐ Airway edema
☐ Excessive mucus accumulation
☐ Severe bronchospasm

A

Severe acute asthma

64
Q

Skin paleness

A

Pallor

65
Q

Peak Expiratory flow and FEV1 are less than 50% of normal predicted values.

A

Acute severe asthma

66
Q

a condition in which stomach acids back up into your throat

A

GERD

67
Q

defined as a drop in FEV1 of greater than 15% of baseline (preexercise value)

A

EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM

68
Q

may be worse when the air is cold and dry

A

Exercise-induced asthma

69
Q

triggered by workplace irritants such as chemical fumes, gases, or dust

A

Occupational asthma

70
Q

triggered by particular allergens, such as pet dander, cockroaches, or pollen

A

Allergy-induced asthma

71
Q

the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration, measured in liters

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

72
Q

most basic maneuver in spirometry tests

A

FVC

73
Q

Normal FEV1 value

A

80-120%

74
Q

volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ FEV1

75
Q

relieve reversible bronchospasm by relaxing the smooth muscles of the bronchi

A

Beta2 agonists

76
Q

Act as bronchodilators and are used to treat
bronchospasm in acute asthmatic episodes and to prevent bronchospasm associated with exercise-induced asthma or nocturnal asthma.

A

Beta2 agonists

77
Q

Choice in the tx of acute symptoms in younger children

A

Pirbuterol

78
Q

Effective in smaller doses & fewer adverse effects

A

Levalbuterol

79
Q

With little effect on cardiac muscle contractility

A

Ipratropium and albuterol

80
Q

administered to replace deficient endogenous hormones

A

Corticosteroids

81
Q

Corticosteroid that is used for both acute and chronic asthma

A

Prednisolone

82
Q

preventive treatment of nocturnal asthma or exercise-induced asthmatic symptoms

A

LONG-ACTING BETA2 AGONISTS

83
Q

LONG-ACTING BETA2 AGONISTS: Increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels

A

Arformoterol

84
Q

5-lipoxygenase inhibitor that act on leukotrienes

A

Zileuton

85
Q

These agents are used for long-term control and prevention of symptoms, especially nocturnal symptoms.

A

Methylxanthines

86
Q

Directly relaxes smooth muscles of respiratory tract

A

Theophylline

87
Q

stabilize the mast cell membrane, and inhibit the activation and release of mediators from eosinophils and epithelial cells

A

Mast cell stabilizer

88
Q

indicated for moderate-to-severe persistent asthma in patients who react to perennial allergens

A

Monoclonal antibody

89
Q

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody; selectively binds to IgE and inhibits binding to IgE receptors

A

Omalizumab

90
Q

most potent anti-inflammatory agents

A

Steroids

91
Q

An aerosol inhaled corticosteroid indicated for maintenance tx of asthma as prophylactic therapy

A

Ciclesonide

92
Q

Selective competitive inhibitor of LTD4 and LTE4 receptors

A

Zafirlukast

93
Q

Block binding of leukotriene D4 to its receptor

A

Montelukast

94
Q

these healthy oils may reduce the inflammation that leads to asthma symptoms

A

Omega-3 fatty acids

95
Q

Airflow limitation that is NOT FULLY reversible with bronchodilators

A

COPD

96
Q

associated with neutrophilic rather than eosinophilic inflammation

A

COPD

97
Q

Poorly responsive even to high dose inhaled
corticosteroids and is associated with progressive,
inexorable loss of pulmonary function over time,
especially with continuous smoking

A

COPD

98
Q

Enzyme that disrupts the lining of the alveoli

A

Protease

99
Q

associated with chronic or recurrent excessive mucus secretion into the bronchial tree

A

Chronic bronchitis

100
Q

Blue bloaters

A

Chronic bronchitis

101
Q

Pink puffers

A

Emphysema

102
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A

Cor pulmunale

103
Q

Cor pulmunale is also known as

A

Right-sided HF

104
Q

Emphysema is located in

A

Alveoli

105
Q

emphysema associated with smoking and typically most severe in the upper lobe

A

Centriancinar

106
Q

Most severe in the lower lungs. No smoking

A

Panacinar

107
Q

What deficiency is associated with no smoking but has emphysema

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

108
Q

least common; involves the distal airway structure, ducts, and sacs

A

Distalacinar

109
Q

The stimulus for activation of inflammatory
cells and mediators is an exposure to noxious particles and gas through ___________

A

Inhalation

110
Q

most common etiologic factor in acquiring COPD

A

tobacco smoke

111
Q

dilated airspace in the lung parenchyma

A

Bullae

112
Q

a major component of alveolar walls

A

Elastin

113
Q

Breaks down elastin

A

Elastase

114
Q

MOST SIGNIFICANT SYMPTOM OF COPD

A

Breathlessness

115
Q

may occur particularly during exertion and
airflow obstruction exacerbation

A

Wheezing

116
Q

Nonpharmacologic therapy for those with Chronic Hypoxemia

A

Long-Term Oxygen Therapy

117
Q

Normal FEV1

A

Stage 0

118
Q

FEV1: Greater than or equal to 80%

A

Stage 1: Mild COPD

119
Q

FEV1: 50-79%

A

Stage 2: Moderate COPD

120
Q

FEV1: 30-49%

A

Stage 3:Severe COPD

121
Q

FEV1: <30%

A

Stage 4: Very Severe COPD

122
Q

With anti oxidant and mucokinetic property

A

Oral N acetyl cysteine

123
Q

May elicit bronchospasm: if so:

A

Inhalant therapy of NAC + Bronchodilator

124
Q

via midline sternotomy or video assisted thoracoscopy

A

Bullectomy

125
Q

A drug used as an antidepressant.

A

Bupropion

126
Q

Can markedly reduce nicotine cravings.

A

Bupropion

127
Q

associated with an increased risk for seizures

A

Bupropion

128
Q

a new agent became available to assist in tobacco cessation attempts

A

Varenicline

129
Q

a nicotine acetylcholine receptor partial agonist that has shown benefit in tobacco cessation.

A

Varenicline

130
Q

relieves physical withdrawal symptoms and
reduces the rewarding properties of nicotine

A

Varenicline

131
Q

Lungs w/ ribs w/ diaphragm

A

Thorax

132
Q

Chronic bronchitis is located in

A

Bronchioles

133
Q

Increases in markers (e.g _________ & ____________) of oxidants are seen in the epithelial lining fluid of COPD patients.

A

Hydrogen peroxide & nitric oxide

134
Q

Little or no dyspnea

A

Stage 1: Mild COPD

135
Q

Dyspnea on moderate exertion

A

Stage 2: Moderate COPD

136
Q

Dyspnea on mild exertion

A

Stage 3:Severe COPD

137
Q

Dyspnea even at rest

A

Stage 4: Very Severe COPD

138
Q

Neozep

A

Paracetamol + Chlorpheniramine + Phenylephrine

139
Q

rebound vasodilation with congestion

A

Rhinitis medicamentosa

140
Q

Found in fish, flaxseed and other foods

A

Omega-3 fatty acids

PHCP 2 (5 decks)

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