T1: Growth and Development: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

chronological age

A

age in years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

developmental age

A

age based on functional behavior and ability to adapt to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infant age range

A

birth to 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

toddler age range

A

1-3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

preschool age range

A

3-6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

school-age range

A

6-12 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adolescence age range

A

12-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

head to toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proximodistal

A

From the center outward or from the midline to periphery (near to far)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

differentiation

A

Simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what has the greatest influence on a child’s G&D

A

genetic factors (heredity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is object permanence developed?

A

sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

object permanence

A

The child knows that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or heard. (peekaboo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the two portions of the preoperational stage

A

preconceptual (2 to 4 ) and intuitive phase (3 to 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when teaching a child in the preoperational stage, what must be taken into account

A

the child’s vivid fantasies and underdeveloped sense of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when teaching a child in the concrete operational stage, what should be considered

A

give the opportunity to ask questions and explain things back to you. This allows the child to mentally manipulate information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (11 years to death) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when teaching a child in the formal operational stage, what should be considered

A

for the adolescent may be wide ranging because they are able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives. Can teach consequences, especially those related to the patient’s behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

(birth to 1 year)
Task of first year of life to establish trust in people providing care, Mistrust develops if basic needs are inconsistently or inadequately met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

(1-3 years)
-starts developing autonomy and new physical skills
-symbolizes independence by controlling body fluids and saying no when asked to do something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what reflects that the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt phase was successful

A

toddler develops self-confidence and willpower; if criticized or unsuccessful, develop a sense of shame and doubt about their abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

( 3 to 6 years)
-can carry out a plan of action
-Develops a conscience (learns right from wrong)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what reflects that the Initiative vs. Guilt phase was successful

A

preschooler develops direction and purpose; if criticized, leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

(6 to 12 years)
-Displays development of new interests and involvement in activities
-Learns to follow rules
-Acquires reading, writing, math, and social skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what reflects that the Industry vs. Inferiority phase was successful

A

school aged child develops confidence and enjoys learning about new things; if compared to others, may develop feeling of inadequacy; inferiority may develop if too much is expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

(12 to 18 years)
-Rapid and marked physical changes
-Preoccupation with physical appearance
-Examines and redefines self, family, peer groups, and community
-Experiments with different roles
-Peer group very important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what reflects that the Identity vs. Role Confusion phase was successful

A

adolescent develops confidence in self-identity and optimism; if unable to establish meaningful definition of self, develops role confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when is formal developmental screening done

A

at 9 months, 18 months, and 24 - 30 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what test is used to assess development

A

Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II)

34
Q

Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II)

A

used to assess development in children from birth to 6 years of age. Designed to detect developmental delay in the 125 tasks and determines the child’s developmental age

35
Q

anticipatory guidance

A

educating parents and caregivers about what to expect in the next phase of development/developmental needs

36
Q

infancy: weight

A

doubles birth weight by 6 months; triples birth weight in 1 year

37
Q

infancy: height

A

increases 50% by 1 year

38
Q

infancy: head growth

A

rapid; brain increases in weight 2.5 times by 1 year

39
Q

Posterior fontanel closes at

A

2 to 3 months

40
Q

Anterior fontanel closes at

A

12 to 18 months

41
Q

what puts an infant at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

A

Infants kidneys are not as effective at concentrating urine because of the immaturity of the renal system and slower glomerular filtration rate

42
Q

what increases the risk of middle ear infections in infants

A

the eustachian tube is short and relatively horizontal

43
Q

infancy: CV system

A

heart rate gradually slows (but remains faster than an adult) and BP increases.

44
Q

when should an infant be able to sit alone by

A

8 months

45
Q

when should an infant be able to stand alone by

A

12 months

46
Q

4 months gross motor skills

A

-gains head control
-rolls from back to side

47
Q

5 months gross motor skills

A

rolls from abdomen to back

48
Q

6 months gross motor skills

A

rolls from back to abdomen

49
Q

8 month gross motor skills

A

sit alone without support

50
Q

9 month gross motor skill

A

stand holding furniture

51
Q

10 month gross motor skill

A

crawls with abdomen

52
Q

11 month gross motor skill

A

creeps with abdomen off floor

53
Q

when does the infant begin to “cruise”

A

(walking upright while holding furniture) by 10-12 months

54
Q

when does the infant walk well with one hand held

A

12 months

55
Q

hand is predominantly closed at

A

1 month

56
Q

desired to grasp at

A

3 months

57
Q

two handed, voluntary grasps at

A

5 months

58
Q

holds bottle, grasp feet at

A

6 months

59
Q

transfers from hand to hand by

A

7 months

60
Q

pincer grasp established by

A

10 months

61
Q

refined pincer grasp with thumb and finger by

A

12 months

62
Q

Infancy: Sensory Development

A

-Hearing and touch well developed at birth
-Differentiates light and dark at birth
-Prefers human face; smiles at 2 months
-Usually searches and turns head to locate sounds by 2 months

63
Q

sight is not fully developed until

A

6years

64
Q

infant has taste preferences by

A

6 months

65
Q

infant responds to own name at

A

7 months

66
Q

infant can vocalize four words by

A

1 year

67
Q

amblyopia may develop by

A

12 months

68
Q

Social smile is present in most babies at

A

2 months

69
Q

Infancy: nutrition

A

-Human breast milk is most complete and easily digested
-Iron-fortified formula - recommended for first 12 months
-Iron-fortified rice cereal introduced first (6 months) mixed with formula/breast milk
-Introduce fruits or vegetables at 6-8 months

70
Q

breast feeding lasts til about

A

4-6 months

71
Q

avoid introducing solid food until

A

4-6 months

72
Q

how old do parents wait until introducing cows milk

A

is at least 1 year old
Due to the risk of allergies and intestinal problems

73
Q

what are bedtime bottles contraindicated

A

contraindicated because of their high sugar content, which leads to dental decay in the primary teeth.

74
Q

car seats

A

Rear facing in the middle back seat until 20 lbs and 1 year of age

75
Q

OCribs

A

-No drop-down crib sides
-Distance between crib slats - no more than 2 3/8 inches apart

76
Q

ways to prevent SIDs

A

-Put infant to sleep in supine position for first year
-Firm mattress and tight fit
-No soft or loose bedding
-No toys in the bed
-No smoking around infant
-Room temperature not too hot

77
Q

Play in Infancy

A

solitary
-Hang mobile 8-10 inches from infant’s face
-Provide sensory and tactile stimuli, large toys, balls

78
Q

Toys and Activities: Birth to 2 months

A

-Mobiles, black-and-white patterns, mirrors
-Music boxes, singing, tape players, soft voices
-Rocking and cuddling
-Moving legs and arms while listening to singing and talking
-Varying stimuli - different rooms sounds, visual images

79
Q

Toys and Activities: 3 to 6 Months

A

Rattles
-Stuffed animals
-Soft toys with contrasting colors
-Noise-making objects that are easily grapsed

80
Q

Toys and Activities: 6 to 9 months

A

-Teething toys
-Social interaction with adults and other children

81
Q

Toys and Activities: 9 to 12 Months

A

-Large blocks
-Toys that pop apart and back together
-Nesting cups and other objects that fit into one another or stack
-Surprise toys such as jack-in-the-box
-Games such as peek-a-boo
-Push and pull toys